Gallic Acid Ameliorated Chronic DSS‐Induced Colitis Through Gut Microbiota Modulation, Intestinal Barrier Improvement, and Inflammation

Abstract

Scope: Gallic acid (GA) is recognized for its purported antiinflammatory properties. GA has been demonstrated to prevent and alleviate the symptoms of chronic colitis through the modulation of the gut microbiota, improvement of the intestinal barrier, and reduction of inflammation.Methods and results: In order to determine the mechanism by which GA exerts its protective effect against chronic colitis, mice were induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). The reduction in the disease activity index by 25% and the decrease in colon tissue damage indicated that 36 days of GA intervention alleviated chronic DSS‐induced colitis symptoms. GA was observed to mitigate weight loss by 2.5% and the shortening of colon by 17.3%, and to diminish the expression of pivotal proteins within the TLR4/nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) signaling cascades, consequently lowering the generation of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, GA effectively corrected the gut microbiota imbalance, increased the content of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which in turn suppressed inflammation, and enhanced tight junction protein expression, thereby strengthening the intestinal barrier. Conclusion: GA has the capacity to enhance the efficacy of chronic colitis through a multifaceted mechanism, influencing the gut microbiota, intestinal barrier function, and inflammatory processes. The findings highlight the potential of GA as a preventative strategy for chronic colitis.