Experimental study of a single-phase immersion cooling system with natural and forced convection

IF 5 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL International Journal of Thermal Sciences Pub Date : 2025-03-20 DOI:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109868
A.S.M. Rokonuzzaman , Kasim Erdem , Bayram Şahin , Mehmed Rafet Özdemir
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Abstract

The rapid advancement of the electronics industry has led to the emergence of miniaturized, high-speed devices with significant amount of volumetric heat generation. Immersion cooling systems offer an effective solution for managing high heat loads, particularly in data centers and battery thermal management systems. However, several fundamental issues of the underlying physical phenomena still need to be addressed to improve the efficiency of these systems. In this study, an immersion cooling system using Novec 7100 dielectric liquid has been experimentally investigated having four electric cartridge heaters with circular and square cross-sections. The effect of distance between heaters on the surface temperature was analyzed under different flow conditions. Furthermore, the effect of heater cross-section on the heat transfer coefficient was examined. For natural convection, the heat transfer coefficient increased as the distance between the heaters was increased for both heaters. As expected, the forced convection mechanism was found to be significantly more effective in heat removal compared to natural convection. At high heat flux values, the heat transfer coefficient was found to be higher for square heaters due to their 1.15 times larger surface area. However, for low heat flux values, the heat transfer coefficient was higher for circular heaters than the square heaters. These findings provide valuable insights into the optimization of immersion cooling systems, highlighting the influence of heater geometry and heater spacing on thermal management efficiency.
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自然对流与强制对流单相浸没冷却系统的实验研究
电子工业的快速发展导致了小型化、高速器件的出现,这些器件具有大量的体积热产生。浸入式冷却系统为管理高热负荷提供了有效的解决方案,特别是在数据中心和电池热管理系统中。然而,为了提高这些系统的效率,仍然需要解决潜在物理现象的几个基本问题。在本研究中,采用Novec 7100介电液体的浸没式冷却系统进行了实验研究,该系统具有四个圆形和方形截面的电筒加热器。分析了不同流动条件下加热器间距对表面温度的影响。进一步研究了加热器截面对传热系数的影响。对于自然对流,传热系数随着加热器之间距离的增加而增加。正如预期的那样,与自然对流相比,强迫对流机制在散热方面明显更有效。在高热流密度值下,方形加热器的传热系数较高,因为其表面积大1.15倍。然而,对于低热流密度值,圆形加热器的传热系数高于方形加热器。这些发现为浸入式冷却系统的优化提供了有价值的见解,突出了加热器几何形状和加热器间距对热管理效率的影响。
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来源期刊
International Journal of Thermal Sciences
International Journal of Thermal Sciences 工程技术-工程:机械
CiteScore
8.10
自引率
11.10%
发文量
531
审稿时长
55 days
期刊介绍: The International Journal of Thermal Sciences is a journal devoted to the publication of fundamental studies on the physics of transfer processes in general, with an emphasis on thermal aspects and also applied research on various processes, energy systems and the environment. Articles are published in English and French, and are subject to peer review. The fundamental subjects considered within the scope of the journal are: * Heat and relevant mass transfer at all scales (nano, micro and macro) and in all types of material (heterogeneous, composites, biological,...) and fluid flow * Forced, natural or mixed convection in reactive or non-reactive media * Single or multi–phase fluid flow with or without phase change * Near–and far–field radiative heat transfer * Combined modes of heat transfer in complex systems (for example, plasmas, biological, geological,...) * Multiscale modelling The applied research topics include: * Heat exchangers, heat pipes, cooling processes * Transport phenomena taking place in industrial processes (chemical, food and agricultural, metallurgical, space and aeronautical, automobile industries) * Nano–and micro–technology for energy, space, biosystems and devices * Heat transport analysis in advanced systems * Impact of energy–related processes on environment, and emerging energy systems The study of thermophysical properties of materials and fluids, thermal measurement techniques, inverse methods, and the developments of experimental methods are within the scope of the International Journal of Thermal Sciences which also covers the modelling, and numerical methods applied to thermal transfer.
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