International Journal of Thermal Sciences最新文献

Effect of non-uniform carbon distribution in electrode on carbon segregation during electroslag remelting of W9Cr4V2Mo steel 电极碳分布不均匀对W9Cr4V2Mo钢电渣重熔碳偏析的影响

IF 5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Thermal Sciences

Pub Date : 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110730

Huan Cao, Zhongqiu Liu, Wenbin Yang, Yinbo Geng, Xuechi Huang, Baokuan Li

A two-dimensional multi-physics coupled model was developed to investigate carbon segregation during the electroslag remelting (ESR) of W9Cr4V2Mo steel. Three models with different initial carbon distributions were established to investigate their effect on final segregation after ESR: uniform distribution, edge-rich distribution, and center-rich distribution. The results show that the initial carbon distribution directly governs final carbon segregation by altering fluid flow within the mushy zone. Specifically, a center-rich carbon distribution enhances fluid flow in the mushy zone during early solidification, promoting greater solute transport into the molten pool. This leads to increased negative segregation at the ingot bottom. As solidification progresses, the accumulated solute further intensifies positive segregation in the center, resulting in the most severe overall carbon segregation. Quantitative analysis shows that an electrode with center-rich carbon distribution yields a carbon segregation index of approximately −0.086 at the center and −0.350 at the ingot edge during early solidification, representing increases of about 66 % and 9 %, respectively, compared to the electrode with edge-rich distribution. These findings emphasize the critical role of the initial carbon distribution in controlling carbon segregation during the ESR process, providing valuable insights for optimizing the process and improving the quality of W9Cr4V2Mo steel.

采用二维多物理场耦合模型研究了W9Cr4V2Mo钢电渣重熔过程中的碳偏析现象。建立了三种不同初始碳分布模式：均匀分布、富边分布和富中心分布对ESR后最终偏析的影响。结果表明，初始碳分布通过改变糊化区内的流体流动，直接控制最终的碳偏析。具体来说，在凝固早期，中心富碳的分布增强了糊状区的流体流动，促进了溶质向熔池的运移。这导致锭底负偏析增加。随着凝固的进行，累积的溶质进一步加剧了中心的正偏析，导致最严重的整体碳偏析。定量分析表明，与富边分布电极相比，富边分布电极在凝固初期的中心和边缘碳偏析指数分别约为- 0.086和- 0.350，分别提高了约66%和9%。这些研究结果强调了初始碳分布在ESR过程中控制碳偏析的关键作用，为优化工艺和提高W9Cr4V2Mo钢的质量提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

A numerical study on cryogenic sprays under different break-up regimes 低温喷雾在不同破碎状态下的数值研究

IF 5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Thermal Sciences

Pub Date : 2026-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110749

Mattia Pelosin , Francesco Duronio , Paolo Albertelli , Tommaso Lucchini , Zhifu Zhou , Jiameng Tian , Bin Chen

CFD simulation of cryogenic sprays represents a challenging task that requires an accurate modeling of the specific thermodynamic-induced primary break-up and evaporation rate. This work presents a computational approach based on the Eulerian–Lagrangian framework to simulate cryogenic flashing sprays. Dedicated models are included to account for flash boiling in atomization, nozzle flow and phase change processes, removing the need to tune conventional break-up models to describe the spray evolution when flash boiling atomizing takes place. The proposed methodology is validated using experimental measurements of local spray properties (velocity, droplet diameter and temperature). The proposed model accurately captures the characteristics of the different breakup regimes (mechanical, transient and fully flashing break-up) reproducing experimental data both in terms of spray morphology and the thermophysical evolution of the vapor and liquid phases.

低温喷雾的CFD模拟是一项具有挑战性的任务，需要对特定的热力学诱导的初级破裂和蒸发速率进行精确建模。这项工作提出了一种基于欧拉-拉格朗日框架的计算方法来模拟低温闪光喷雾。包括专用模型来解释雾化，喷嘴流动和相变过程中的闪沸，从而无需调整传统的破裂模型来描述发生闪沸雾化时的喷雾演变。采用局部喷雾特性（速度、液滴直径和温度）的实验测量验证了所提出的方法。所提出的模型准确地捕捉了不同破裂机制（机械、瞬态和完全闪光破裂）的特征，在喷雾形态和汽液相热物理演化方面再现了实验数据。

引用次数: 0

Regulating lithium dendritic evolution at interface by thermal management for ultrafast charging lithium-ion battery 热管理对超快充电锂离子电池界面枝晶演化的调控

IF 5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Thermal Sciences

Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110737

Tong Xu , Feng Jiao , Fei Chen , Runlong Li , Xinyi Zou , Jianwei Wang , Weiqing Shi , Shizhao Xiong , Chengwei Ma , Jiangqi Zhou

This study aims to establish a direct link between battery pack thermal management and micro-scale lithium dendrite evolution to mitigate thermal runaway risks during ultrafast charging. Ultrafast charging technology is important to the development of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles. However, it also aggravates the risk of thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries due to the evolution of lithium dendrites on anode caused by cell heat production. It is crucial to regulate the evolution of lithium dendrites at the electrode interface by thermal management. In this work, the structural optimization design of battery packs and the growth of lithium dendrites under ultrafast charging are simulated by thermal management model and phase-filed model, respectively. The batteries achieve the highest heat dissipation (lowest temperature difference) when the cell arrangement angle θ₁ is 50° with a charging rate of 4C. Furthermore, the cooling performance at high charging multiplicity is improved by optimizing the inlet of the thermal management model, resulting in a 45.5 % reduction in temperature difference and supressed growth of lithium dendrites. Optimizing the battery pack structure to control heat dissipation and thus inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites can avoid the risk of thermal runaway in ultrafast charging lithium-ion batteries. A bridge between the electrochemical performance of battery pack and evolution of lihtium dendrite microstructures in batteries is built based on this innovative design, providing valuable theoretical insights for optimizing and managmant of electric vehicle power battery.

本研究旨在建立电池组热管理与微尺度锂枝晶演化之间的直接联系，以减轻超快充电过程中的热失控风险。超快充电技术对电动汽车用锂离子电池的发展具有重要意义。然而，由于电池发热导致阳极上锂枝晶的演化，也加剧了锂离子电池热失控的风险。通过热管理来调控电极界面处锂枝晶的演化是至关重要的。本文分别采用热管理模型和相场模型对电池组结构优化设计和锂枝晶在超快充电条件下的生长进行了模拟。当电池排放角θ1为50°，充电速率为4C时，电池散热效果最佳（温差最小）。此外，通过优化热管理模型的入口，提高了高充电次数下的冷却性能，使温差减小45.5%，抑制了锂枝晶的生长。通过优化电池组结构来控制散热从而抑制锂枝晶的生长，可以避免超快充电锂离子电池热失控的风险。该创新设计为电池组的电化学性能与电池中锂枝晶微结构的演变搭建了桥梁，为电动汽车动力电池的优化和管理提供了有价值的理论见解。

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引用次数: 0

Pool boiling enhancement and durability test of dielectric fluids on thermal sprayed aluminum oxide coated surfaces 热喷涂氧化铝表面介质流体的池沸腾增强及耐久性试验

IF 5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Thermal Sciences

Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110745

Mubarak Salisu , Shixue Wang , Yu Zhu

The low boiling temperatures of Novec 649 and Novec 7100 dielectric fluids are advantageous for applications in electronic thermal management. This study examined pool boiling on thermal sprayed micro-porous aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) coatings, which improved fluid imbibition and boiling stability compared to copper surfaces. The coated Al₂O₃ surfaces have higher critical heat fluxes (CHF) and enhanced heat transfer coefficients (HTC) than the plain copper surfaces for both the Novec 649 and Novec 7100 fluids. Novec 649 had up to 130 % higher HTC with a 62 % higher CHF than on a copper surface. Novec 7100 had 150 % higher HTC with a 92 % higher CHF. Boiling stability testing is crucial when developing modified surfaces. These tests showed that the coated surface boiling characteristics were stable with both Novec 649 and Novec 7100 after four days of boiling curve measurements up to CHF with steady boiling for 12 h between each boiling curve test. The CHF superheat was 7 °C higher on the copper surface with Novec 7100 than on the coated surface, indicating a lower HTC, mainly due to oxidation that reduced surface roughness. This study provides a systematic comparison of the performance and aging of thermal sprayed Al₂O₃ coated surfaces with those of copper surfaces. This aging test is vital for practical application, as it establishes the coating as a promising solution for high-performance, durable direct-immersion cooling of electronics using dielectric fluids.

Novec 649和Novec 7100介质流体的低沸点有利于电子热管理的应用。本研究考察了热喷涂微孔氧化铝（Al2O3）涂层上的池沸腾，与铜表面相比，该涂层改善了流体吸胀和沸腾稳定性。对于Novec 649和Novec 7100流体，涂层Al2O3表面比普通铜表面具有更高的临界热通量（CHF）和增强的传热系数（HTC）。与铜表面相比，Novec 649的HTC和CHF分别高出130%和62%。Novec 7100的HTC上涨了150%，瑞士法郎上涨了92%。在开发改性表面时，沸腾稳定性测试是至关重要的。实验结果表明，Novec 649和Novec 7100包覆后的表面沸腾特性稳定，每次沸腾曲线测试之间有12小时的稳定沸腾时间。使用Novec 7100的铜表面的CHF过热度比涂层表面高7°C，这表明HTC较低，主要是由于氧化降低了表面粗糙度。本研究对热喷涂Al2O3涂层表面与铜表面的性能和老化进行了系统的比较。这种老化测试对于实际应用至关重要，因为它确定了该涂层是一种有前途的解决方案，可用于使用介电流体的高性能、耐用的电子设备直接浸入式冷却。

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引用次数: 0

Dynamic heat flux analysis in a high-pressure turbine 高压涡轮动态热流密度分析

IF 5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Thermal Sciences

Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110724

N. Medina , J. Saavedra , G. Paniagua , F. Lozano

This work explores the unsteady heat flux distribution on a high-pressure turbine vane subjected to periodic fluctuations in inlet total temperature, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The vane experiences sinusoidal fluctuations in temperature, with peak-to-peak amplitudes of 50 K over the investigated frequency range. Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) simulations are conducted using the

k

–

ω

SST transitional turbulence model, which accounts for turbulent production, dissipation, and convective heat transfer, thereby enabling the prediction of time-resolved stagnation effects on both velocity and thermal boundary layers.

The computational model has been verified by comparing predicted pressure distributions and surface heat fluxes with experimental data obtained from a high-pressure turbine vane. The analysis focuses on the temporal development of near-wall velocity and temperature profiles over the oscillation cycle, highlighting the mechanisms driving the transient heat transfer response. Furthermore, spectral proper orthogonal decomposition is applied to identify the dominant flow and thermal structures controlling the unsteady momentum and heat transfer dynamics. Insights into the evolution of the thermal boundary layer provide guidance for improving flow management and cooling strategies, aiming to mitigate vane thermal loading while reducing coolant requirements.

本文利用计算流体动力学（CFD）模拟研究了受进口总温度周期性波动影响的高压涡轮叶片上的非定常热流密度分布。叶片经历温度的正弦波动，在所研究的频率范围内，峰对峰的振幅为50 K。非定常reynolds - average Navier-Stokes （URANS）模拟使用k -ω海温过渡湍流模型进行，该模型考虑了湍流的产生、耗散和对流换热，从而能够预测速度和热边界层的时间分辨停滞效应。通过将预测的压力分布和表面热通量与高压涡轮叶片的实验数据进行比较，验证了计算模型的正确性。分析的重点是在振荡周期内近壁速度和温度分布的时间发展，突出了驱动瞬态传热响应的机制。此外，采用谱固有正交分解方法识别控制非定常动量和传热动力学的主导流动和热结构。对热边界层演变的深入研究为改进流动管理和冷却策略提供了指导，旨在减轻叶片热负荷，同时减少冷却剂的需求。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental investigation of axis switching and local heat transfer in multiple elliptical free surface water jet impingement 多椭圆自由表面水射流冲击中轴向切换与局部换热的实验研究

IF 5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Thermal Sciences

Pub Date : 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110746

Abhijit Madhav Date, Janani Srree Murallidharan, S.V. Prabhu

The present study experimentally investigates the local and overall heat transfer from multiple elliptical free surface water jets impinging on a thin stainless-steel foil under constant heat flux. Local surface temperatures are measured using infrared thermography to obtain detailed Nusselt number distributions. A symmetric 3

\times

3 jet array with a hydraulic diameter of 3 mm and a pitch of

4 d

is examined for two elliptical orientations, namely streamwise and spanwise. The jets issue from a 2 mm thick orifice plate and impinge on a 0.06 mm thick foil. Experiments are conducted for Reynolds numbers from 1700 to 8500 and

z / d

ratios from 2 to 10.

To the authors’ knowledge, axis switching is experimentally demonstrated for the first time in multiple elliptical free surface jets. The switching direction depends on jet orientation and shows a 90° phase difference between the two configurations. Local Nusselt numbers decrease with spanwise distance, but this decay weakens as Reynolds number increases. The influence of

z / d

on stagnation and spanwise average heat transfer remains within 10–15%, indicating a stronger effect on cooling distribution than on magnitude. Stagnation, spanwise average and overall average Nusselt numbers nearly double over the tested Reynolds number range.

The overall average Nusselt number is nearly identical for both orientations, showing that axis switching mainly affects local heat transfer patterns. Streamwise oriented elliptical jets outperform circular jets reported in the literature, providing 30–45 % higher local Nusselt numbers and 70–100 % higher overall averages at low Reynolds numbers and 45–50 % at higher Reynolds numbers. The proposed cosine-based correlations predict approximately 97 % of the data within 20% accuracy.

实验研究了在恒定热流密度下，多个椭圆自由表面水射流冲击薄型不锈钢箔时的局部和整体换热。局部表面温度测量使用红外热像仪，以获得详细的努塞尔数分布。研究了一个水力直径为3mm、节距为4d的对称3 × 3射流阵列在顺流和展向两个椭圆方向上的分布。射流从2毫米厚的孔板发出，撞击0.06毫米厚的箔片。在雷诺数为1700 ~ 8500，z/d比值为2 ~ 10的条件下进行了实验。据作者所知，轴交换首次在多椭圆自由表面射流中得到实验证明。开关方向取决于射流方向，两种构型的相位差为90°。局部努塞尔数随展向距离的增加而减小，但随雷诺数的增加而减弱。z/d对滞止和展向平均换热的影响保持在10-15%，表明对冷却分布的影响大于对量级的影响。在测试的雷诺数范围内，停滞、展向平均和总体平均努塞尔数几乎翻了一番。两种方向的总体平均努塞尔数几乎相同，表明轴向切换主要影响局部传热模式。流向定向椭圆射流优于文献中报道的圆形射流，在低雷诺数下提供30 - 45%的局部努塞尔数，70 - 100%的总体平均值，在高雷诺数下提供45 - 50%的平均值。所提出的基于余弦的相关性在20%的精度内预测了大约97%的数据。

{"title":"Experimental investigation of axis switching and local heat transfer in multiple elliptical free surface water jet impingement","authors":"Abhijit Madhav Date, Janani Srree Murallidharan, S.V. Prabhu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110746","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110746","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study experimentally investigates the local and overall heat transfer from multiple elliptical free surface water jets impinging on a thin stainless-steel foil under constant heat flux. Local surface temperatures are measured using infrared thermography to obtain detailed Nusselt number distributions. A symmetric 3 <span><math><mrow><mo>×</mo></mrow></math></span> 3 jet array with a hydraulic diameter of 3 mm and a pitch of <span><math><mn>4</mn><mi>d</mi></math></span> is examined for two elliptical orientations, namely streamwise and spanwise. The jets issue from a 2 mm thick orifice plate and impinge on a 0.06 mm thick foil. Experiments are conducted for Reynolds numbers from 1700 to 8500 and <span><math><mrow><mi>z</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></math></span> ratios from 2 to 10.</div><div>To the authors’ knowledge, axis switching is experimentally demonstrated for the first time in multiple elliptical free surface jets. The switching direction depends on jet orientation and shows a 90° phase difference between the two configurations. Local Nusselt numbers decrease with spanwise distance, but this decay weakens as Reynolds number increases. The influence of <span><math><mrow><mi>z</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></math></span> on stagnation and spanwise average heat transfer remains within 10–15%, indicating a stronger effect on cooling distribution than on magnitude. Stagnation, spanwise average and overall average Nusselt numbers nearly double over the tested Reynolds number range.</div><div>The overall average Nusselt number is nearly identical for both orientations, showing that axis switching mainly affects local heat transfer patterns. Streamwise oriented elliptical jets outperform circular jets reported in the literature, providing 30–45 % higher local Nusselt numbers and 70–100 % higher overall averages at low Reynolds numbers and 45–50 % at higher Reynolds numbers. The proposed cosine-based correlations predict approximately 97 % of the data within 20% accuracy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":341,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermal Sciences","volume":"225 ","pages":"Article 110746"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146116630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of fouling deposition on CAP1400 steam generator thermal-hydraulic performance via a coupled fouling–thermal-hydraulic model 污垢沉积对CAP1400蒸汽发生器热工性能的影响

IF 5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Thermal Sciences

Pub Date : 2026-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110732

Lanqing Qiao , Jianyu Tan , Qingzhi Lai , Wei Zeng , Junming Zhao

During long-term service, the thermal–hydraulic performance of steam generators gradually deteriorates as unavoidable fouling builds up on the secondary side. However, systematic studies of fouling-driven thermal–hydraulic behavior in the CAP1400 steam generator (SG) are still lacking, partly because the unit is in its early stage of commercial operation. Moreover, because fouling deposition and thermal–hydraulic behavior are intrinsically coupled, the problem becomes even more challenging to study. Therefore, a fully three-dimensional coupled fouling–thermal-hydraulic model was developed for the CAP1400 SG on the primary side and the secondary side. A quasi-steady multi-time-step coupling framework is developed to balance computational efficiency and coupling fidelity. The model was used to assess secondary-side fouling patterns and their impacts on flow and heat transfer after 360 days of deposition. The results show that deposits preferentially accumulate in the hot-side boiling region, particularly the U-bend. These locations should be prioritized for water-chemistry optimization and outage cleaning to mitigate thermal degradation and reduce the risk of under-deposit corrosion. Although the non-uniform fouling distribution strengthens cold-side heat transfer, the overall heat duty decreases. At 360 days, the cumulative fouling mass reaches 2082.28 kg and the heat duty drops by 6.44 %. Meanwhile, fouling reduces the outlet steam mass flow rate and lowers the secondary-side pressure drop. During operation, timely monitoring of the secondary-circuit steam-pressure margin consumption is required to ensure reliable performance over the unit's lifetime. These findings clarify the evolution of fouling in the CAP1400 SG and its impact on thermal performance, providing a basis for trend assessment and operational evaluation in long-term service.

蒸汽发生器在长期使用过程中，由于二次侧不可避免的积垢，其热工性能逐渐恶化。然而，由于CAP1400蒸汽发生器（SG）尚处于商业运行的早期阶段，对其污垢驱动的热水力行为的系统研究仍然缺乏。此外，由于污垢沉积和热液行为是内在耦合的，这一问题的研究变得更具挑战性。为此，建立了CAP1400 SG主侧和次侧全三维污垢-热工-水力耦合模型。为了平衡计算效率和耦合保真度，提出了准稳态多时间步耦合框架。该模型用于评估沉积360天后二次侧结垢模式及其对流动和传热的影响。结果表明，沉积物优先积聚在热侧沸腾区，尤以u型弯道为主。这些位置应优先进行水化学优化和停机清洗，以减轻热降解并降低沉积下腐蚀的风险。虽然不均匀污垢分布加强了冷侧传热，但总体热负荷降低。在360 d时，累积结垢质量达到2082.28 kg，热负荷下降6.44%。同时，结垢降低了出口蒸汽质量流量，降低了二次侧压降。在运行过程中，需要及时监测二回路蒸汽压力余量消耗，以确保机组在使用寿命期间的可靠性能。这些研究结果阐明了CAP1400 SG中积垢的演变及其对热性能的影响，为长期服役的趋势评估和运行评价提供了依据。

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引用次数: 0

Heating of an annular plate under the effects of thermal buffer with phase change material in a trapezoidal vented cavity under convection of hot liquid with magnetic field 用相变材料热缓冲液对梯形通风腔内环形板进行加热

IF 5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Thermal Sciences

Pub Date : 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110736

Fatih Selimefendigil , Hakan F. Oztop

Heating of an annular plate (AN-PL) in a ventilated trapezoidal enclosure is studied under magnetic field effects. A thermal buffer is obtained in the inner part of the AN-PL by using phase change material (PCM). Finite element based simulation of the coupled system is performed while impacts of flow Reynolds number (Re), inlet temperature of hot liquid and magnetic field parameters on the temperature rise of the plate, and melting time (

t_{f}

) are explored. The time at which the PCM’s effect on AN-PL temperature enhancement becomes effective is indicated by the critical time (

t_{c}

). The values of

t_{c}

and

t_{f}

drop by around 37.8% and 33.3% at the maximum Re. At the lowest Re case, PCM results in an AN-PL temperature increase of 3.1 °C in comparison to the case without PCM. Magnetic field parameters are effective in the flow distributions near the inlet port, but they have a very small effect on the heating of AN-PL. In contrast to the reference scenario without PCM and the lowest inlet temperature, PCM produces the largest heating of the AN-PL at the highest Re and inlet temperature, resulting in a higher plate temperature of 21.2 °C. When AN-PL is exposed to forced convection of hot liquid in a ventilated enclosure, PCM is shown to be a very effective passive thermal management technique. A variety of industrial applications, such as material processing, process heating, drying applications, and heat exchangers, may utilize the results.

研究了在磁场作用下环形板在通风的梯形外壳中的加热问题。利用相变材料（PCM）在AN-PL的内部获得了热缓冲层。对耦合系统进行了有限元仿真，探讨了流动雷诺数Re、热液入口温度和磁场参数对板板温升和熔化时间的影响。临界时间（tc）表示PCM对AN-PL温度增强作用生效的时间。在最大Re值下，tc和tf值分别下降了37.8%和33.3%。在最低Re值下，PCM使an - pl温度比没有PCM的情况下升高了3.1℃。磁场参数对进气口附近的流动分布有影响，但对AN-PL的加热影响很小。与没有PCM和最低进口温度的参考场景相比，PCM在最高Re和进口温度下对AN-PL产生最大的加热，导致板温更高，达到21.2°C。当AN-PL在通风的外壳中暴露于热液体的强制对流时，PCM被证明是一种非常有效的被动热管理技术。各种工业应用，例如材料加工、过程加热、干燥应用和热交换器，可以利用该结果。

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引用次数: 0

The regulation mechanism of heat transport at Cu/a-C/3C-SiC heterointerface by interlayer thickness and laser shock Cu/a-C/3C-SiC异质界面热输运受层间厚度和激光冲击的调控机制

IF 5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Thermal Sciences

Pub Date : 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110731

Chuanyu Song , Bing Yang , Qi Chen , Shengxiang Wang , Hongyu Zheng

It is proved that the introduction of an interlayer into typical heterostructures can effectively improve the interfacial thermal conductance (ITC) in semiconductor chips. Thus, structure changes of the amorphous carbon (a-C) interlayer caused by the thickness and laser shock duration and related effect on the ITC at the Cu/a-C/3C-SiC heterointerface are investigated in depth by non-equilibrium molecular dynamics, simulated magnetron sputtering, vacuum annealing and laser shock. As the increase of the thicknesses, the ITCs significantly increase first, and then decrease slowly. Notably, a thickness of 0.5 nm increases the ITC by a factor of 3.49. The enhancement mechanism stems from the fact that the introduction of all a-C layers enhances the phonon density of states (PDOS) at 13–21 THz, activates high-frequency phonons at 35–65 THz, reduces the phonon mismatch between Cu and 3C-SiC. However, a further enlargement in thickness increases the amorphous structure, decreases the number of phonons in the ranges of 0–9 THz and 22–29 THz, weakens the phonon coupling at the a-C/3C-SiC sub-interface, ultimately, the ITCs reduce accordingly. Additionally, with the increase of the laser shock durations on the a-C layer, the ITCs show a gradual decrease, with the maximum decrease of 11.55 %. This phenomenon originates from the situation that laser shock decreases the surface roughness of the a-C and the effective contact area at the interfaces, reduces the interfacial van der Waals interactions, attenuates the phonon matching at the Cu/a-C sub-interface. The above analysis provides important reference value for thermal management of GaN-based power chips.

研究证明，在典型异质结构中引入中间层可以有效地提高半导体芯片的界面热导率。为此，采用非平衡分子动力学、模拟磁控溅射、真空退火和激光冲击等方法，深入研究了非晶碳（a-C）层厚度和激光冲击时间对Cu/a-C/3C-SiC异质界面处非晶碳（a-C）层结构的影响及其对ITC的影响。随着厚度的增加，ITCs先显著增加，后缓慢降低。值得注意的是，0.5 nm的厚度使ITC增加了3.49倍。这种增强机制源于全a-C层的引入增强了13-21 THz声子态密度（PDOS），激活了35-65 THz的高频声子，减少了Cu和3C-SiC之间的声子失配。然而，厚度的进一步增加会增加非晶结构，减少0-9 THz和22-29 THz范围内的声子数量，减弱a- c /3C-SiC子界面处的声子耦合，最终导致ITCs相应降低。此外，随着激光冲击时间的增加，a- c层的ITCs逐渐减小，最大降幅为11.55%。这一现象源于激光冲击降低了a-C表面粗糙度和界面有效接触面积，降低了界面范德华相互作用，减弱了Cu/a-C子界面声子匹配。以上分析为gan基功率芯片的热管理提供了重要的参考价值。

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引用次数: 0

Invariant key-node DEIM based on adaptive mesh refinement for efficient prediction of transient thermo-mechanical behavior in valves 基于自适应网格细化的不变键节点DEIM阀门瞬态热力学行为有效预测

IF 5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL

International Journal of Thermal Sciences

Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110719

Chaohui Huang, Hongjiang Wang, Han Dong, Weizhe Wang, Yingzheng Liu

This paper presents a novel integrated computational framework combining adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) and a hyper-reduced-order model (HROM) to overcome the prohibitive computational cost of high-fidelity transient thermo-mechanical analysis for geometrically complex, nonlinear high-temperature components. Conventional finite-element methods exhibit major limitations in resolving the intricate coupling between rapidly evolving thermal fields and stress evolution, particularly under severe thermal transients. The proposed framework employs AMR to dynamically concentrate computational resources in regions exhibiting steep gradients. Concurrently, the HROM, which integrates proper orthogonal decomposition and the discrete empirical interpolation method, achieves extreme dimensionality reduction while preserving critical nonlinear dynamics. Validation based on a representative high-temperature component under demanding steam turbine startup conditions demonstrates the exceptional performance of the proposed model: 33.5 × faster computation, 89.8 % lower memory requirement, and a peak thermal stress prediction error below 6.1 % relative to full-order simulation. Crucially, this approach resolves multi-time-scale thermo-mechanical interactions with high precision, accurately capturing the localized stress concentrations and critical thermal gradients essential for failure prediction. This dual-resolution strategy enables unprecedentedly efficient simulation of large-scale thermo-mechanical behavior under rapid thermal loading. Thus, it establishes a foundation for constructing physics-informed digital twins and significantly advances design optimization and reliability assessment for safety-critical energy systems.

本文提出了一种结合自适应网格细化（AMR）和超降阶模型（HROM）的新型集成计算框架，以克服几何复杂、非线性高温部件的高保真瞬态热力学分析的高昂计算成本。传统的有限元方法在解决快速发展的热场和应力演化之间的复杂耦合方面存在很大的局限性，特别是在严重的热瞬态下。该框架使用AMR动态地将计算资源集中在具有陡峭梯度的区域。同时，HROM将适当的正交分解和离散经验插值方法相结合，在保持临界非线性动力学的同时实现了极端降维。基于典型高温部件在汽轮机苛刻启动条件下的验证表明，所提出的模型具有优异的性能：与全阶模拟相比，计算速度提高了33.5倍，内存需求降低了89.8%，峰值热应力预测误差低于6.1%。至关重要的是，该方法高精度地解决了多时间尺度的热-机械相互作用，准确地捕获了失效预测所必需的局部应力集中和临界热梯度。这种双分辨率策略能够前所未有地高效模拟快速热载荷下的大规模热力学行为。因此，它为构建物理信息的数字孪生奠定了基础，并显著推进了安全关键能源系统的设计优化和可靠性评估。

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