Smart upconversion nanocapsules: Harnessing photodegradation and glutathione responsiveness of polymers for controlled release of Payloads

Abstract

Responsive drug transportation, release efficiency, and low toxicity of drug delivery are important factors in the controlled release area. The conventional drug release system is hard to balance all the factors in a complex environment. In this study, we present a novel approach for synthesizing rare earth upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) based nanocapsules with core-shell structures, capable of emitting visible light and ultraviolet (UV) light for photodegradation under irradiation with 980 nm near-infrared (NIR) light. The hydrophilicity of the UCNPs was significantly enhanced using the hydrochloric acid pickling method. We employed a sol-gel technique with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and bis[γ-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]-tetrasulfide (BTES) as mixed organosilicon sources to directly coat the UCNPs, forming UCNP@(s-s)mSiO2 nanocapsules. The degradation of these nanocapsules by glutathione (GSH) was systematically studied using the molybdosilicic blue method. Doxorubicin (DOX) was subsequently loaded into the nanocapsules, achieving a drug loading efficiency of 5.12 %. To prevent premature drug release, a polyethylene glycol (PEG) layer was coated onto the nanoparticle surface via modification and click chemistry, resulting in composite drug-loaded nanocapsules with dual responsiveness to light and GSH. Under neutral conditions, the nanocapsules exhibited minimal drug leakage. Upon NIR light stimulation, 1-(5-methoxy-2-nitro-4-prop-2-ynyloxy-phenyl)ethyl-N-succinimidyl carbonate (MNPSC) underwent photolysis, causing the PEG layer to detach and trigger drug release. In a simulated high concentration of intratumoral glutathione environment, the mesoporous organosilica degraded, further facilitating the drug release. The ultimate drug release rate reached an impressive 92 %. This smart dual-responsive nanocapsule system offers a promising strategy for controlled drug delivery, combining the advantages of NIR-triggered release and GSH-responsive degradation for enhanced therapeutic efficacy.