Wearable glucose sensors based on substrate material: A review

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is increasingly prevalent, necessitating regular sweat glucose (SG) monitoring for effective disease management. Sweat holds significant promise in disease diagnosis and health monitoring because of its easy collection method and the abundant biochemical information it provides. Glucose is a primary energy source for cellular activity, and precise measurement of its concentration in sweat can estimate SG levels effectively. Non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring through sweat sensors makes wearable electronic devices increasingly desirable for personal health monitoring, given their non-intrusive nature.

This review starts by providing a thorough overview of sweat-based wearable sensors, focusing on their importance in glucose monitoring. The sensors are categorized according to the materials used in their substrates. Next, we summarize and discuss the challenges and opportunities facing researchers and clinicians in wearable glucose biosensors. We also envision the future of epidermal glucose monitoring, aiming to maximize its diagnostic potential in diabetes management.