Puncture-resistant hydrogels with high mechanical performance achieved by the supersaturated salt†

Abstract

Sufficient mechanical performance is the basic requirement for load-bearing and damage-resistant materials. However, the simultaneous optimization of mechanical properties is usually difficult in a single hydrogel. Herein, a supersaturated salt was employed to enhance the mechanical performance and damage resistance of hydrogels. By immersing the pre-formed hydrogel based on hydrophobic associations into supersaturated Na₂SO₄ solution (3.3 M), high-density and strong hydrophobic associations were constructed simultaneously in the network due to the contraction of hydrophilic chains and improvement of hydrophobic associations. Compared to the pristine hydrogel, this salt-treated hydrogel was transparent and showed a simultaneous enhancement in stiffness (E of 253 ± 7 MPa), strength (σ of 12.65 ± 0.07 MPa), and toughness (Γ of 19.6 ± 3.2 MJ m⁻³). It also displayed remarkable puncture and tear resistance with a puncture force of 66 N, a puncture energy of 370 mJ, and a tearing energy of 34 kJ m⁻². This work provides a simple method to simultaneously optimize the contradictory mechanical properties and puncture resistance in a single hydrogel.