GDF-15 as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of lung cancer: a meta-analysis.

Abstract

Introduction: Due to the tendency of lung cancer to be diagnosed at advanced stages, many patients are not eligible for curative surgery. Identifying early detection and prognosis biomarkers is crucial for improving outcomes. This study explores the potential of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF-15) as a biomarker for these purposes.

Methods: A thorough review and meta-analysis of literature from PubMed, Embase, the CENTRAL, and the CNKI was performed. We analyzed the diagnostic accuracy of GDF-15, focusing on its sensitivity, specificity, and AUC. Additionally, we investigated the association between three-year overall survival and GDF-15 levels in lung cancer patients. Our analysis included nine studies, encompassing 1296 patients with lung cancer and 1182 healthy controls.

Results: GDF-15 showed high diagnostic performance with a sensitivity of 0.80 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.71-0.87), specificity of 0.92 (95% CI: 0.85-0.96), diagnostic odds ratio of 45 (95% CI: 25-79), and an AUC of 0.93 (95% CI: 0.90-0.95). Moreover, the prognosis analysis revealed that the plasma GDF-15 levels were significantly higher in patients than controls (standardized mean difference: 2.91, CI 2.79-3.04 and P < 0.00001), and the odds ratio of 3-year overall survival rate was 4.05 (95% CI: 1.92-8.51 and P = 0.0002).

Discussion: GDF-15 exhibits strong potential as both a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in lung cancer, distinguishing effectively between patients and healthy individuals. These findings support its further exploration and potential integration into clinical practice.

Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42024519807.