Strategies toward high-energy-density Co-free lithium nickel manganese oxide: from crystal structure control to flexible configuration design

Abstract

High-voltage spinel lithium nickel manganese oxide (LNMO) stands out as a promising cobalt-free cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, due to its low cost, high voltage and energy density capabilities. However, the commercialization of LNMO is hindered by challenges such as structural instability, Mn dissolution, inadequate high-temperature performance, and relatively low tap density. This article presents a comprehensive framework that establishes the rational design principles for optimizing both LNMO active materials and overall battery performance. We summarize various modification strategies related to LNMO, encompassing crystal structure design, interfacial control, microscopic morphology regulation, and flexible configuration design, all aimed at improving the reaction kinetics, energy density and high-temperature performance. The discussion of the current advancements and presentation of the perspectives on further developments are expected to provide inspirations for further elevating the energy density and promoting the practical energy storage applications of LNMO-based batteries.