Analysis of the Association Between the SLC19A1 Genetic Variant (rs1051266) and Autism Spectrum Disorders, Cerebral Folate Deficiency, and Clinical and Laboratory Parameters

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by clinical heterogeneity and may be associated with cerebral folate deficiency (CFD). Among the causes, folate receptor alpha autoantibodies (FRAA) and variants of the SLC19A1 gene are commonly highlighted. The aim of this study was to analyze the rs1051266 variant of the SLC19A1 gene in patients with ASD and CFD and to determine its relationship with clinical and laboratory parameters. The study included 227 children with ASD, 156 of whom had CFD. FRAA detection, genotyping of the rs1051266 variant, and folate metabolism marker measurement (homocysteine, vitamins B9, B12, B6) were performed. FRAA binding was detected in 39.2% of ASD patients, blocking FRAA in 3.5%, and a specific soluble folate receptor in 13.2%. The 80GA genotype was the most common (46.3%), and homocysteine levels tended to be moderately elevated (upper quartile – 7.0). Significant correlations were found between homocysteine levels and vitamins B9, B12, and B6 (p < 0.05) and between verbal impairments and vitamin B12 (p = 0.043). In ASD and CFD patients, the 80GG genotype was more frequent (p = 0.03) and vitamin B12 levels were elevated (p = 0.021). In the ASD group, correlations were found between the 80AA genotype and demyelination (p = 0.020) and between homocysteine levels and demyelination (p = 0.042). In conclusion, the rs1051266 variant of the SLC19A1 gene modifies the clinical course of ASD. Patients with ASD and CFD exhibited high variability in folate metabolism markers. These findings underline the need for further research on folate transport genetics for personalized prevention and treatment strategies for ASD and CFD.