Synergistic Effects in the Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction Reaction for Multi-Carbon Product Formation

Abstract

The synergistic effects in electrocatalysis can significantly enhance catalyst performance by improving catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability, and optimizing reaction mechanisms and electron transfer processes. This review summarizes recent advancements in the synergistic effects of the electrochemical reduction of CO₂ (eCO₂RR) to multi-carbon (C₂₊) products. Starting with the fundamental principles of eCO₂RR for C₂₊ product formation, the paper outlines the reaction mechanisms for producing C₂, C₃, C₄, and C₅ products. A comprehensive discussion is provided on the critical impact of synergistic effects on the structure–performance relationship in eCO₂RR for the production of C₂₊ products. Subsequently, the synergistic effects observed are classified in various electrocatalysts with different properties, including single/dual-atom catalysts, multi-centric catalysts, single-atom alloys, metal-organic frameworks, and heterojunction catalysts. Finally, the challenges in achieving selective C₂₊ product formation in eCO₂RR through synergistic effects are discussed, along with corresponding strategies to overcome the obstacles.