Longitudinal Relationship Between Elevated Liver Biochemical Tests and Negative Clinical Outcomes in Primary Biliary Cholangitis: A Population-Based Study

Abstract

Background

Elevated liver biochemistries are associated with increased risk of negative outcomes in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC).

Aims

To evaluate whether longitudinal monitoring of liver biochemistries and fibrosis scores provides additional prognostic value and to assess the relationship between the degree of elevation of multiple biomarkers within different alkaline phosphatase (ALP) strata.

Methods

Adults with PBC were identified from Komodo's Healthcare Map. A Cox proportional hazards model examined time to first occurrence of hospitalisation due to hepatic decompensation, liver transplantation, or death as a function of the proportion of time during follow-up that liver biochemistries and fibrosis scores exceeded thresholds. Within ALP strata (ALP ≤ upper limit of normal [ULN]; ALP>ULN to ≤ 1.67 × ULN; ALP > 1.67 × ULN), separate multivariate Cox hazard models assessed the association between time-varying covariates and the composite endpoint.

Results

Overall, 3974 patients were included; 88.2% were female, with a mean age of 59.4 years. The median follow-up was 2.5 years. Increasing magnitude and duration beyond established thresholds of ALP, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TB), AST/platelet ratio index (APRI) and fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) were associated with increased risk of negative outcomes. Elevated ALT, AST, TB, APRI and FIB-4 were associated with increased risk of negative outcomes across all ALP strata.

Conclusions

Prolonged elevation of multiple hepatic biomarkers and fibrosis scores is associated with a greater risk of negative clinical outcomes, underscoring the importance of ongoing monitoring beyond the guideline-recommended initial treatment response to guide timely treatment decisions and improve PBC management.