Combined impacts of tetracycline and multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the growth of Chrysanthemum coronarium L. and its root environment†

Abstract

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MW) and tetracycline (TC) usually co-occur in the environment and can threaten plant growth. However, little is known about their combined effect on plant growth. We conducted hydroponic experiments to investigate the uptake, transport, and compartmentalization of TC in Chrysanthemum coronarium L. in the presence of MW, and the combined effects of TC and MW on the root environment were also studied. The results revealed that the presence of MW reduced the concentration of TC in the four subcellular fractions, in both the leaves and roots, compared with TC alone. Co-pollution with TC and MW stimulated the production and accumulation of superoxide anions (O₂˙⁻) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in the leaves and roots compared to TC alone, leading to an increase in the malondialdehyde content; this inhibited photosynthesis by reducing the activities of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and dehydrogenase, resulting in a decrease in the dry weight of leaves and roots. The increased O₂˙⁻ and H₂O₂ contents induced superoxide dismutase and catalase activities to alleviate oxidative damage. In addition, compared with single TC contamination, the co-application of TC and MW significantly increased the concentrations of oxalic acid and formic acid in root secretions, stimulated the activity of microorganisms, and improved autochthonous input and humification of dissolved organic matter in the growth medium. High-throughput sequencing revealed that Proteobacteria were the dominant bacteria in the medium solution across all groups, followed by Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. Spearman and redundancy analyses demonstrated that an increase in the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria may stimulate the antioxidant system to defend against exogenous pollution. Our study provides valuable information about the combined toxicological effects of TC and MW on the growth of medicinal plants.