{"title":"Flame retardancy and smoke suppression of unsaturated polyester resins enabled by 1-vinylimidazole phosphite salts","authors":"Wen-Long Mu, Jin-Nuo Wang, Bin Zhao, Ying-Jun Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2025.111353","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inherent flammability of unsaturated polyester (UP) resins restricts their application in fields requiring high flame retardancy. Traditional flame retardants often compromise the resin's performance and involve complex processing procedures. In this study, a 1-vinylimidazole phosphite salt (called VIP) was developed for UP systems as a flame-retardant crosslinking agent. VIP can covalently bond with UP's unsaturated bonds and integrate with phosphorous acids through ionic interactions, ensuring good compatibility, high curing activity, and superior processing performance. With 15 wt % additions of VIP, the cured UP (15VIP/UP) achieved the UL 94 V0 rating with a limiting oxygen index of 29.4 %. Cone calorimetry results showed significant reductions of 15VIP/UP in the peak heat release (66.6 %) and smoke production rate (59.3 %) compared to unmodified UP. Char residue and pyrolysis analyses revealed that VIP promoted the formation of a dense protective char layer, while effectively suppressing the release of flammable gases and smoke. Additionally, the introduction of VIP did not significantly deteriorate thermal and mechanical performance of UP. This study introduces a facile and efficient strategy that achieves high flame retardancy and superior performance in UP through ionic bonding of flame-retardant groups.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":406,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 111353"},"PeriodicalIF":7.4000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Polymer Degradation and Stability","FirstCategoryId":"92","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141391025001831","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/3/31 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"POLYMER SCIENCE","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Inherent flammability of unsaturated polyester (UP) resins restricts their application in fields requiring high flame retardancy. Traditional flame retardants often compromise the resin's performance and involve complex processing procedures. In this study, a 1-vinylimidazole phosphite salt (called VIP) was developed for UP systems as a flame-retardant crosslinking agent. VIP can covalently bond with UP's unsaturated bonds and integrate with phosphorous acids through ionic interactions, ensuring good compatibility, high curing activity, and superior processing performance. With 15 wt % additions of VIP, the cured UP (15VIP/UP) achieved the UL 94 V0 rating with a limiting oxygen index of 29.4 %. Cone calorimetry results showed significant reductions of 15VIP/UP in the peak heat release (66.6 %) and smoke production rate (59.3 %) compared to unmodified UP. Char residue and pyrolysis analyses revealed that VIP promoted the formation of a dense protective char layer, while effectively suppressing the release of flammable gases and smoke. Additionally, the introduction of VIP did not significantly deteriorate thermal and mechanical performance of UP. This study introduces a facile and efficient strategy that achieves high flame retardancy and superior performance in UP through ionic bonding of flame-retardant groups.
期刊介绍：
Polymer Degradation and Stability deals with the degradation reactions and their control which are a major preoccupation of practitioners of the many and diverse aspects of modern polymer technology.
Deteriorative reactions occur during processing, when polymers are subjected to heat, oxygen and mechanical stress, and during the useful life of the materials when oxygen and sunlight are the most important degradative agencies. In more specialised applications, degradation may be induced by high energy radiation, ozone, atmospheric pollutants, mechanical stress, biological action, hydrolysis and many other influences. The mechanisms of these reactions and stabilisation processes must be understood if the technology and application of polymers are to continue to advance. The reporting of investigations of this kind is therefore a major function of this journal.
However there are also new developments in polymer technology in which degradation processes find positive applications. For example, photodegradable plastics are now available, the recycling of polymeric products will become increasingly important, degradation and combustion studies are involved in the definition of the fire hazards which are associated with polymeric materials and the microelectronics industry is vitally dependent upon polymer degradation in the manufacture of its circuitry. Polymer properties may also be improved by processes like curing and grafting, the chemistry of which can be closely related to that which causes physical deterioration in other circumstances.
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