Influence of 3D printed and milled zirconia on the adhesion and viability of keratinocytes: An in vitro study

IF 4.8 2区医学 Q1 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-03 DOI:10.1016/j.prosdent.2025.03.020

Iris Frasheri DMD, PhD , Redina Boysen DMD , Jörg Lüchtenborg PhD , Nicolai Miosge PhD , Matthias Folwaczny MD, DMD, PhD , Falk Schwendicke DMD, PhD , Olivia Hoefer DMD , Andreas Keßler DMD, PhD

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Abstract

Statement of problem

The biocompatibility and cell response of additively manufactured ceramics, important for long-term clinical success, require additional investigation.

Purpose

The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the biocompatibility and cell response of human gingival keratinocytes with 3-dimensionally (3D) printed and conventionally milled zirconia.

Material and methods

Cylindrical specimens of 3D printed and milled zirconia were prepared, and immortalized human gingival keratinocytes (IHGKs) were cultured on specimens of these materials. Cells cultured only in growth medium were the control. Cell adhesion, viability, and morphology were assessed by using water-soluble tetrazolium (WST-1) assays and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the disks after culturing. Eluates from the zirconia specimens were collected and tested to assess potential cytotoxicity over time and surface roughness measured by laser scanning microscopy. For cell adhesion, an independent t test for 2-samples with unequal variances (Welch t test) was performed. For the cytotoxicity tests, differences between groups were analyzed using the post hoc test for multiple comparisons with the Bonferroni correction (α=.05).

Results

After 24 hours, no significant difference in keratinocyte adhesion was found between 3D printed and milled zirconia (P>.05). Cell viability assays showed that, while both materials exhibited lower viability compared with the control, 3D printed zirconia displayed significantly reduced cell viability after 96 hours compared with milled zirconia (P<.001). Average surface roughness (Ra) was significantly higher (P=.001) for printed (0.26 ±0.04 µm) than milled (0.08 ±0.02 µm) zirconia. SEM images confirmed good cellular adhesion and spreading on milled zirconia, with similar attachment on 3D printed zirconia.

Conclusions

Both 3D printed and milled zirconia demonstrated good biocompatibility with human gingival keratinocytes. However, under extended direct surface contact, cells on 3D printed zirconia showed lower cell viability compared with milled zirconia. While 3D printed zirconia is promising for dental applications, further refinement of its surface properties and biocompatibility may be needed.

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3D打印和研磨氧化锆对角质形成细胞粘附和活力的影响：一项体外研究

问题说明：增材制造陶瓷的生物相容性和细胞反应对长期临床成功很重要，需要进一步的研究。目的：比较三维打印氧化锆和常规研磨氧化锆对人牙龈角质形成细胞的生物相容性和细胞反应。材料与方法：制备3D打印研磨氧化锆圆柱形标本，在其上培养永生化人牙龈角质形成细胞（IHGKs）。仅在生长培养基中培养的细胞为对照。采用水溶性四氮唑（WST-1）检测和扫描电镜（SEM）检测培养后的细胞粘附、活力和形态。收集氧化锆样品的洗脱液并进行测试，以评估随时间推移的潜在细胞毒性和激光扫描显微镜测量的表面粗糙度。对于细胞粘附，对方差不等的2个样本进行独立t检验（Welch t检验）。对于细胞毒性试验，采用Bonferroni校正（α= 0.05）的多重比较事后检验分析组间差异。结果：24h后，3D打印氧化锆与研磨氧化锆的角质细胞粘附无显著差异（P < 0.05）。细胞活力测试显示，虽然两种材料的活力都低于对照组，但3D打印的氧化锆在96小时后的细胞活力明显低于研磨的氧化锆(p结论：3D打印和研磨的氧化锆都与人类牙龈角质形成细胞具有良好的生物相容性。然而，在长时间的直接表面接触下，3D打印氧化锆上的细胞活力比研磨氧化锆低。虽然3D打印氧化锆在牙科应用方面很有前景，但可能需要进一步改进其表面特性和生物相容性。

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来源期刊

Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 医学-牙科与口腔外科

CiteScore

7.00

自引率

13.00%

发文量

599

审稿时长

69 days

期刊介绍： The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry is the leading professional journal devoted exclusively to prosthetic and restorative dentistry. The Journal is the official publication for 24 leading U.S. international prosthodontic organizations. The monthly publication features timely, original peer-reviewed articles on the newest techniques, dental materials, and research findings. The Journal serves prosthodontists and dentists in advanced practice, and features color photos that illustrate many step-by-step procedures. The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry is included in Index Medicus and CINAHL.