Biodegradable Piezoelectric Janus Membrane Enabling Dual Antibacterial and Osteogenic Functions for Periodontitis Therapy

Abstract

Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) using barrier membranes is a common clinical approach for treating periodontitis-induced alveolar bone loss. However, conventional GTR membranes lack antibacterial and osteoinductive properties, limiting their effectiveness. Piezoelectric materials, which generate electrical outputs under chewing forces, offer antibacterial and bone-regenerative potential due to their oppositely charged surfaces. Inspired by this, a piezoelectric Janus membrane was developed for dual-function GTR therapy. Biodegradable poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) and PLLA/gelatin membranes were electrospun, annealed, and polarized to create the A-P(+)/PG(−) piezoelectric Janus membrane. Notably, in this Janus membrane, the outer surface of the PLLA side (A-P(+)) carries positive charges and is positioned toward the gingival tissue to kill bacteria via charge interactions; the inner surface of the PG side (PG(−)) holds negative charges and faces the alveolar bone defect, promoting bone growth through immunomodulation and enhanced mineralization. In a mouse model of periodontitis, the Janus membrane A-P(+)/PG(−) demonstrated dual functionality, effectively reducing inflammation, inhibiting bone resorption. The bone mineral density of A-P(+)/PG(−) reached 1637 ± 37 mg/cm³ at 8 weeks after surgery, which was superior to commercial collagen membranes lacking antibacterial properties. Overall, this study introduces an innovative approach, leveraging biodegradable piezoelectric PLLA to construct a versatile Janus GTR membrane with enhanced antibacterial and osteogenic activity for periodontitis treatment.