Atom-Based Vectorial Holography for Multidimensional Microwave Detection via Broadband Microwave-To-Optical Conversion

Abstract

Holography is an essential platform for optical detection using different physical dimensions of light and has been recently introduced into quantum optics with the advantages of high robustness and enhanced optical resolution. Here, atom-based vectorial holography (AVH) is demonstrated through a two-photon transition to expand the applicability of quantum holographic detection from the optical band to the microwave band. Based on the theoretical analysis in terms of the Jones matrix and atom-field interaction Hamiltonian, it is clarified that the diffraction characteristic of AVH depends on the wideband coupling of microwave and optical fields and the physical properties of microwaves can be all-optically detected via the AVH-based quantum holographic scheme. Moreover, AVH is realized experimentally in a four-level quantum system and enables multidimensional characterization of polarization, phase, and amplitude of polarized microwaves over a broad frequency range across millimeter- and centimeter-wave bands. This work provides a path toward broadband holographic detection for frequencies outside the optical band to support the advancement of holography in quantum science.