{"title":"Source-Detector Geometry Analysis of Reflective PPG by Measurements and Simulations","authors":"M. Reiser;T. Mueller;A. Breidenassel;O. Amft","doi":"10.1109/OJEMB.2025.3546771","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<italic>Goal:</i> We investigate the effect of source-detector geometry, including distance and angle, on the reflective photoplethysmography (PPG) signal. <italic>Methods:</i> A porcine skin phantom was used for laboratory measurements and replicated by Monte Carlo simulations. Variations in sensor geometry were analysed. <italic>Results:</i> Laboratory measurements and Monte Carlo simulations showed agreement for various geometry settings. With decreasing negative sensor angle, the differential path length factor and the average maximum penetration depth increases. <italic>Conclusions:</i> Our analyses highlight the influence of source-detector geometry on the PPG DC signal. Based on our analysis of penetration depth and optical path length, the geometry effects can be transferred to the PPG AC signal too. MC simulations provide an important tool to optimise PPG performance.","PeriodicalId":33825,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology","volume":"6 ","pages":"400-406"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10908070","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10908070/","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract
Goal: We investigate the effect of source-detector geometry, including distance and angle, on the reflective photoplethysmography (PPG) signal. Methods: A porcine skin phantom was used for laboratory measurements and replicated by Monte Carlo simulations. Variations in sensor geometry were analysed. Results: Laboratory measurements and Monte Carlo simulations showed agreement for various geometry settings. With decreasing negative sensor angle, the differential path length factor and the average maximum penetration depth increases. Conclusions: Our analyses highlight the influence of source-detector geometry on the PPG DC signal. Based on our analysis of penetration depth and optical path length, the geometry effects can be transferred to the PPG AC signal too. MC simulations provide an important tool to optimise PPG performance.
期刊介绍：
The IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology (IEEE OJEMB) is dedicated to serving the community of innovators in medicine, technology, and the sciences, with the core goal of advancing the highest-quality interdisciplinary research between these disciplines. The journal firmly believes that the future of medicine depends on close collaboration between biology and technology, and that fostering interaction between these fields is an important way to advance key discoveries that can improve clinical care.IEEE OJEMB is a gold open access journal in which the authors retain the copyright to their papers and readers have free access to the full text and PDFs on the IEEE Xplore® Digital Library. However, authors are required to pay an article processing fee at the time their paper is accepted for publication, using to cover the cost of publication.
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