Review of conceptual frameworks for smallholder farmers to achieve sustainable palm oil production

Abstract

This review comprehensively analyzes conceptual frameworks that support sustainable palm oil production among smallholder farmers, focusing on Agroecological, Socio-Ecological Systems (SES), and Integrated Landscape Approach (ILA) frameworks. The study employs a mixed methodology, including a literature review and analysis of practical applications of the frameworks’ components, addressing multifaceted challenges and strategies for sustainability. The agroecological framework emphasizes biodiversity enhancement, sustainable land management, and stakeholder engagement, leading to improved ecosystem functions and resilience. SES integrates social systems, ecological systems, feedback loops, and cultural values, highlighting the importance of governance strategies. ILA promotes holistic land use, stakeholder collaboration, adaptive management, and sustainable resource management. The review identifies critical research gaps, such as the need for innovative financing mechanisms, capacity-building programs, and sustainability integration into supply chain management. It also underscores addressing smallholders' socio-economic challenges, including limited market access and inadequate knowledge of sustainable practices. The paper calls for future research to develop comprehensive frameworks that assess and enhance the sustainability performance of palm oil supply chains, particularly from the perspective of smallholder producers. By addressing these gaps, the review aims to inform policy and practice, contributing to more sustainable and equitable palm oil production. Additionally, the study highlights the need for empirical studies to quantify the ecological benefits of agroforestry systems and adaptive strategies to mitigate climate change impacts on palm oil production. This interdisciplinary perspective and holistic approach provide insights not commonly found in existing literature, advancing both academic research and practical implementation in the field.