The impact of physical functionality and activity level on the self-rated health status of older adults living alone: An analysis of the mediating effect of social engagement

Abstract

This study assessed the influence of depression, chronic diseases, and activities of daily living (ADLs) on the self-rated health (SRH) of older adults living alone, along with the mediating effect of social engagement. Data from 3117 older adult single-person households (aged 65 or older) were analyzed using the 2020 Survey of Living Conditions and Welfare Needs of Korean Older Persons. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 25.0, with the mediating effect assessed through regression analysis and the Sobel test. Chronic diseases, ADL dependency, and depression negatively impacted SRH, with chronic diseases having the most significant effect. Social engagement positively influenced SRH, and a partial mediating effect was confirmed. Overall, the findings corroborated key factors affecting SRH in older adults living alone and underscored the importance of social engagement. Based on these results, we recommended implementing community-level health support, social engagement programs, and personalized assistance for vulnerable older adult single-person households.