A lead-free flexible piezoelectric nanocomposite nanogenerator, utilizing a hybrid approach based on high-performance synthesized NBT-BCZT nanopowders

Abstract

Properties of materials play a critical role in the performance of hybrid piezoelectric nanocomposites (HPCs) for nanogenerators. Traditional methods, such as solid-state route, often result in suboptimal mechanical properties, which limit the capabilities of piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs). An HPC-based Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer with multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) fillers and the sol-gel-prepared piezoelectric nanopowder material 0.94NBT-0.06BCZT are presented in this work. The effects of varying filler concentrations on the overall performance of the nanocomposites were thoroughly examined. Both the composite materials and nanoparticles were extensively characterized. Structural analyses and Raman spectroscopy, confirmed the high crystallinity and purity of the 0.94NBT-0.06BCZT powder, as well as the formation of a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) @ RT. Under harmonic excitations, PENGs of 0.94NBT-0.06BCZT produce an output power of 2.41 µW and an open-circuit voltage of 7.2 V for a 280kΩ load resistance. The inclusion of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) into Hydroxypropyl Cellulose (HPC) improves the conductivity and promotes self-polarization, thanks to the excellent electrical properties of MWCNTs. These nanostructures, due to their immense surface area and conductive nature, significantly enhance the composite material’s ability to conduct electricity and exhibit self-polarization effects.