Micro/nanomotors: A novel platform for food safety detection and auxiliary processing

Abstract

Micro/nanomotors, as dynamic micro/nano carriers, enhance reaction rates, reduce costs, and enable multifunctional tasks through functionalization. As alternatives to traditional detection and processing methods, a variety of functionalized MNMs have been developed, with preliminary applications explored in food safety detection and auxiliary processing. This review summarizes the propulsion mechanisms of MNMs tailored for food matrices, covering chemical-fueled propulsion (e.g., water, acid, H₂O₂, glucose) and external-field-controlled propulsion (e.g., magnetic, light, ultrasonic). It highlights the strengths and limitations of MNMs in food safety detection (e.g., pathogens, toxins, heavy metals) and auxiliary processing (e.g., sterilization, allergen removal, water purification), emphasizing their high reaction efficiency and recyclability. However, challenges such as scalable and low-cost preparation, intelligent control, and biocompatibility must be addressed to advance practical applications. Future research should focus on homogenized fabrication techniques, multifunctional integration, and expanding MNMs' roles in nutrient delivery and real-time monitoring. Addressing these gaps will unlock their full potential in revolutionizing food safety and industrial processing, paving the way for sustainable and intelligent food systems.