Effects of Lifetime Lead Exposure in Monkeys on Detection of Pure Tones

Abstract

Increased detection thresholds for pure tones were observed in a large cohort of children exposed to lead environmentally while smaller studies in lead-exposed workers have reported conflicting results on assessments of auditory function. Pure tone detection thresholds were determined in a group of monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) dosed with 2 mg/kg/day of lead from birth through testing at 13 years of age. Blood lead concentrations were stable at about 30 μg/dl until monkeys were 10–11 years of age, at which time they increased to between 50 and 170 μg/dl. Five age- and rearing-matched monkeys served as controls. Detection thresholds were determined at six frequencies between 0.125 and 31.5 kHz. Earphones were fit over both ears, and thresholds were determined for each ear separately. The monkey signaled detection of the tone by breaking contact with a stainless steel bar. Three lead-exposed monkeys exhibited normal pure tone detection functions. Three monkeys had thresholds outside of the control range at some frequencies; there was a tendency for higher frequencies to be differentially more affected. These findings are consistent with reports of elevated pure tone thresholds in humans exposed to lead developmentally, although the effect is smaller than might have been predicted given the concurrent blood lead concentrations of these monkeys.