Contralateral testicular biopsy procedure in patients with unilateral testis cancer: is it indicated?

Abstract

About 5% of all patients with unilateral testis cancer harbor testicular intraepithelial neoplasia (TIN) in their contralateral testicle, which will progress into an invasive germ-cell tumor over time. Accurate diagnosis of TIN by a random surgical testis biopsy examination and effective therapy by local radiation has led to the concept of a contralateral screening biopsy procedure in all testis cancer patients. Screening and preventive treatment, however, only are indicated if (1) therapeutic outcome of the screened population is improved and (2) physiologic function of the affected organ might be maintained. Based on a critical review of the literature, some drawbacks of this policy have to be considered and the routine indication for contralateral testis biopsy procedure has to be questioned: (1) all TIN-negative patients still have to undergo meticulous follow-up evaluation for metachronous testis cancer owing to a false-negative biopsy diagnosis rate of 0.3%; (2) testis biopsy procedure is associated with a 15% to 20% complication rate, which might a negative impact on endocrine and exocrine testicular function; (3) local radiation of TIN results in irreversible infertility owing to eradication of spermatogenesis; (4) local radiation of TIN results in an impairment of endocrine Leydig cell function in 25% of patients; (5) therapeutic outcome and prognosis will not be improved in irradiated patients as compared with patients on surveillance; (6) local tumor resection for the management of metachronous testicular cancer represents an effective and viable option. The current literature does not support the strategy to perform contralateral testis biopsy procedures in all patients with unilateral testicular germ-cell tumors. Testis biopsy procedures might, however, be offered to high-risk (34%) patients for contralateral TIN with a testicular volume less than 12 mL, a history of cryptorchidism, and an age less than 30 years.