Mechanochromic luminescence of soft crystals: Recent systematic studies in controlling the molecular packing and mechanoresponsive properties

Abstract

Soft crystals are a class of smart materials that can switch their photophysical or mechanical properties in response to gentle external stimuli. A representative stimuli-responsive behavior of soft crystals is mechanochromic luminescence (MCL), i.e., a reversible color change of solid-state photoluminescence induced by external mechanical stimuli. Together with the rapid growth in the area of solid-state photoluminescence including fluorescence, room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP), thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), white-light emission (WLE), and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL), a number of soft crystals that exhibit MCL behaviors have been reported during the past decade. In the typical MCL of soft crystals, the emission color switches in the bathochromic direction upon amorphization by grinding and recovers to the original color upon recrystallization by heating or exposure to organic solvents. Relatively few are known to exhibit hypsochromically shifted MCL, two-step MCL, self-recovering MCL, or mechanical-stimuli-induced single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) transitions. Rational design guidelines to control the mechanoresponsive properties of soft crystals have not yet been established. This review summarizes the systematic studies on the substituent effect to control the MCL properties of soft crystals. Recent studies provide useful insights into the effects of electronic and steric differences of substituents on crystal structure, luminescence properties, and mechanoresponsive behaviors.