Integrated passive sampling and fugacity model to characterize fate and removal of organophosphate flame retardants in an anaerobic-anoxic-oxic municipal wastewater treatment system
Yiping Xu , Dahan Qing , Ruili Xie , Fenfen Zhu , Xiaozhong Gao , Kaifeng Rao , Mei Ma , Zijian Wang
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引用次数: 3
Abstract
It is crucial to deeply understand the fate and removal mechanism of various organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) in specified wastewater treatment processes. However, concentration fluctuation and matrix effect in wastewater challenge quantification of PFR flux for both field observation and model validation. We present measured seasonal distribution profiles of time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations by in situ hydrophobic and polar passive samplers and modeled mass transport and transformation by means of fugacity for 11 PFRs with varied structures in an anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (A-A-O) municipal wastewater treatment system, and provided a systematic approach to characterize fate and removal mechanism of PFRs in major compartments via various treatment processes. We find evidence that PFRs have a unique structural-dependent fate and removal in the A-A-O system. Hydrophilic chlorinated-PFRs present persistent in all major compartments and dominate in effluents with significant variations; alkyl-PFRs are majorly reduced by biodegradation; whereas hydrophobic aryl-PFRs have the highest removal percentage, contributed by both sorption on solids and biotransformation. Sensitive analysis shows the most influential operation parameters on removal efficiency varied among the PFRs with different properties. We also conclude passive sampling can be effectively applied to estimate TWA wastewater concentrations and to validate fugacity model prediction.
深入了解各种有机磷阻燃剂在特定废水处理工艺中的去向和去除机理至关重要。然而，废水中的浓度波动和基质效应对PFR通量的量化提出了挑战，需要进行现场观测和模型验证。研究人员利用原位疏水和极性被动采样器测量了时间加权平均(TWA)浓度的季节分布曲线，并通过流散度模拟了厌氧-缺氧-氧(a -a -o)城市污水处理系统中11种不同结构的PFRs的质量传递和转化，并提供了一种系统的方法来表征不同处理过程中主要隔室中PFRs的命运和去除机制。我们发现证据表明PFRs在a - a - o系统中具有独特的结构依赖性命运和去除。亲水性氯化pfrs持续存在于所有主要隔室中，并在出水中占主导地位，差异显著;烷基pfr主要通过生物降解被还原;而疏水性芳基pfrs的去除率最高，主要得益于固体吸附和生物转化。敏感性分析表明，不同性能的pfr对去除率影响最大的操作参数不同。我们还得出被动采样可以有效地用于估计TWA废水浓度和验证逸度模型预测。
期刊介绍：
The Journal of Hazardous Materials serves as a global platform for promoting cutting-edge research in the field of Environmental Science and Engineering. Our publication features a wide range of articles, including full-length research papers, review articles, and perspectives, with the aim of enhancing our understanding of the dangers and risks associated with various materials concerning public health and the environment. It is important to note that the term "environmental contaminants" refers specifically to substances that pose hazardous effects through contamination, while excluding those that do not have such impacts on the environment or human health. Moreover, we emphasize the distinction between wastes and hazardous materials in order to provide further clarity on the scope of the journal. We have a keen interest in exploring specific compounds and microbial agents that have adverse effects on the environment.
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