Ultrafine particle-lung interactions: does size matter?

Wolfgang G Kreyling, Manuela Semmler-Behnke, Winfried Möller
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引用次数: 354

Abstract

Epidemiological studies continue to indicate associations between exposure to increased concentrations of ambient fine and ultrafine particles and adverse health effects in susceptible individuals. The ultrafine particle fraction in the ambient atmosphere seems to play a specific role. Yet, the dosimetry (including deposition patterns in the respiratory tract and, particularly, the biokinetic fate of ultrafine particles) is not fully understood. In contrast to fine particles, inhaled ultrafine particles seem to follow different routes in the organism. Cardiovascular effects observed in epidemiological studies triggered the discussion on enhanced translocation of ultrafine particles from the respiratory epithelium towards circulation and subsequent target organs, such as heart, liver, and brain, eventually causing adverse effects on cardiac function and blood coagulation, as well as on functions of the central nervous system. Current knowledge on systemic translocation of ultrafine particles in humans and animal models is reviewed. Additionally, an estimate of accumulating particle numbers in secondary target organs during chronic exposure is extrapolated from long-term translocation data obtained from rats. Toxicological studies aim to provide the biological plausibility of health effects of ultrafine particles and to identify cascades of mechanisms that are causal for the gradual transition from the physiological status towards pathophysiologcal alterations and eventually chronic disease. Considering the interaction between insoluble ultrafine particles and biological systems (such as body fluids, proteins, and cells), there still are gaps in the current knowledge on how ultrafine particles may cause adverse reactions. This paper reviews the current concept of interactions between insoluble ultrafine particles and biological systems.

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超细颗粒与肺的相互作用:大小重要吗?
流行病学研究继续表明,暴露于环境细颗粒物和超细颗粒物浓度增加与易感个体的不良健康影响之间存在关联。环境大气中的超细颗粒似乎起着特殊的作用。然而,剂量学(包括呼吸道中的沉积模式,特别是超细颗粒的生物动力学命运)尚未完全了解。与细颗粒相比,吸入的超细颗粒似乎在生物体中遵循不同的路线。流行病学研究中观察到的心血管效应引发了关于超细颗粒从呼吸上皮向循环和随后的靶器官(如心、肝和脑)的强化易位的讨论,最终对心功能和血液凝固以及中枢神经系统功能造成不良影响。综述了目前超细颗粒在人类和动物模型中的系统易位。此外,根据从大鼠获得的长期易位数据推断出慢性暴露期间二级靶器官中累积的颗粒数量。毒理学研究的目的是提供超细颗粒对健康影响的生物学合理性,并确定从生理状态逐渐过渡到病理生理改变并最终导致慢性疾病的机制级联。考虑到不溶性超细颗粒与生物系统(如体液、蛋白质和细胞)之间的相互作用,目前关于超细颗粒如何引起不良反应的知识仍然存在空白。本文综述了目前不溶性超细粒子与生物系统相互作用的概念。
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