[The evolution of clinical medical books in the 19th century].

Tatsuo Sakai
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Abstract

Fifty clinical medical books written in the late 18th and the 19th centuries were categorized into four alternating types on the basis of the differences in composition and contents. The nosological type in the first period classified diseases into taxa, and dealt symptoms as diseases. The eclectic type in the second period contained both categories of nosological diseases and those of local diseases. The organ system type in the third period focused on the local diseases arranged in a systematic manner. The infection emphasis type put the infectious diseases at the beginning, followed by the local diseases in a systematic manner. The four types of clinical medical books evolved in accordance with the changes in clinical medicine in the 19th century, exemplified by the activities of the Parisian school, including those regarding pathological anatomy, laboratory medicine in the German universities, and discovery of pathogenic bacteria. When Western medicine was introduced in Japan, different stages of medicine, representing the four types, arrived at different times.

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[19世纪临床医学书籍的演变]。
18世纪末和19世纪写成的50本临床医学书籍,根据组成和内容的不同,被分为四种交替的类型。第一期的病种分型将疾病划分为类群,将症状作为疾病处理。第二阶段是兼收并蓄型,既有病种,也有地方病。第三阶段的器官系统类型侧重于系统排列的局部疾病。感染重点类型以传染病为主,其次是局部性疾病。这四种类型的临床医学书籍是根据19世纪临床医学的变化而发展起来的,以巴黎学派的活动为例,包括病理解剖学、德国大学的实验室医学和致病菌的发现。当西方医学传入日本时,不同阶段的医学在不同的时间到达,代表了四种类型。
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