Free Versus Bound Concentration: Passive Dosing from Polymer Meshes Elucidates Drivers of Toxicity in Aquatic Tests with Benthic Invertebrates

Abstract

Aquatic toxicity tests with benthic organisms are used to predict the toxicity of hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) in sediments, assuming that the freely dissolved concentration (C_free) is a good surrogate of bioavailability in the exposure system. However, C_free of HOCs is difficult to control in water-only setups. Moreover, the role of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the occurrence of toxicity needs clarification because DOC concentrations in sediment porewater can be substantially higher than in typical test water. We introduced biocompatible polyethylene meshes with high sorptive capacities and fast release kinetics as a novel passive dosing phase, which maintained C_free and C_water (i.e., free + DOC-bound) in Hyalella azteca water-only tests. Adding the supernatant fraction of peat to test water as a DOC source increased C_water to an extent comparable to sediment porewater and significantly increased and decreased the observed toxicity of permethrin and benzo[a]pyrene, respectively, to H. azteca. This result indicates that DOC can both benefit and harm test species likely due to the increased health after ingestion of DOC and to the uptake of DOC-bound HOCs, respectively. Passive dosing in combination with the addition of sediment DOC surrogates may better reflect exposure and habitat conditions in sediment porewater than conventional aquatic tests. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1747–1756. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.