Effects and limits of acute noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities with pneumonia/bronchitis.

Abstract

Objective: We have frequently applied noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) to treat acute respiratory failure in children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities. We investigated the features and causes of conditions requiring endotracheal intubation. We aimed to determine whether phlegm expulsion using appropriate breathing physiotherapy with NPPV could avoid the need for endotracheal intubation in such patients. Methods: Between December 2010 and November 2012, 21 children with 51 episodes of acute respiratory failure were placed on NPPV at our hospital. We investigated the ratio, background, and causes of conditions requiring endotracheal intubation. Results: Pneumonia and bronchitis caused 30 and 21 episodes of respiratory failure, respectively. Respiratory infection required endotracheal intubation in 8 of 30 episodes of pneumonia, and in none of the 21 episodes of bronchitis. Respiratory infections were caused by upper airway obstruction with large amounts of secretion (n=4), lower airway obstruction due to atelectasis (n=3) and a combination of both (n=1). The frequency of breathing physiotherapy was significantly higher for all patients who required assistance with active phlegm expulsion than in those who did not (p=0.006). More patients on endotracheal intubation also required phlegm aspiration compared with other patients (p=0.019). Conclusion: We applied NPPV to acute respiratory failure in children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities. This allowed 84% of them to avoid endotracheal intubation. Acute respiratory failure did not improve in any patient who required endotracheal intubation, but we also used NPPV with breathing physiotherapy and postural drainage. Assistance with phlegm expulsion is hampered in children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities due to conditions such as thoracic deformations, joint contracture and glossoptosis. We consider that assistance with phlegm expulsion using appropriate breathing physiotherapy with NPPV is very important for such patients.