{"title":"Hydrogen Gas as an Exotic Performance-Enhancing Agent: Challenges and Opportunities.","authors":"Sergej M Ostojic","doi":"10.2174/1381612826666200922155242","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hydrogen gas (H<sub>2</sub>) has entered the world of experimental therapeutics approximately four and a half decades ago. Over the years, this simple molecule appears to drive more scientific attention, perhaps due to a dualism of H<sub>2</sub> affirmative features demonstrated in numerous in vitro, animal and human studies on one side, and still puzzling mechanism(s) of its biological activity on the other. Up to this point, H<sub>2</sub> was scrutinized for more than 170 different disease models and pathologies, and many research groups across the world have lately started to dynamically investigate its conceivable performance-enhancing potential.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We outlined here the studies indexed in leading research databases (PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, JSTORE) that explored the effects of hydrogen on exercise performance, and also addressed important restraints, open questions, and windows of opportunities for forthcoming research and possible H<sub>2</sub> enactment in exercise physiology. About two dozen trials have been identified in this domain, with most of the trials published during the past 5 years, while drinking hydrogen-rich water recognized as the most convenient method to deliver H<sub>2</sub> in both animal and human studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Either administered as an inhalational gas, enteral hydrogen-rich water, or intravenous hydrogen-rich saline, H<sub>2</sub> seems to favorably affect various exercise performance outcomes and biomarkers of exercise-associated fatigue, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Not all studies have shown corroborative effects, and it appears that the gold-standard protocol for applying H<sub>2</sub> in the field of exercise science does not exist at the moment, with studies markedly differ in the dose of H<sub>2</sub> administered, the duration of treatment, and the source of hydrogen.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>H<sub>2</sub> is a newfangled and rather effective performance-enhancing agent, yet its promising ergogenic potency has to be further validated and characterized in more well-controlled, appropriately sampled and longterm mechanistic trials. Also, appropriate regulation of hydrogen utilization in sport as an exotic medical gas may require distinctive legislative actions of relevant regulatory agencies in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":10845,"journal":{"name":"Current pharmaceutical design","volume":"27 5","pages":"723-730"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6000,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"1","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Current pharmaceutical design","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200922155242","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Abstract
Background: Hydrogen gas (H2) has entered the world of experimental therapeutics approximately four and a half decades ago. Over the years, this simple molecule appears to drive more scientific attention, perhaps due to a dualism of H2 affirmative features demonstrated in numerous in vitro, animal and human studies on one side, and still puzzling mechanism(s) of its biological activity on the other. Up to this point, H2 was scrutinized for more than 170 different disease models and pathologies, and many research groups across the world have lately started to dynamically investigate its conceivable performance-enhancing potential.
Methods: We outlined here the studies indexed in leading research databases (PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, JSTORE) that explored the effects of hydrogen on exercise performance, and also addressed important restraints, open questions, and windows of opportunities for forthcoming research and possible H2 enactment in exercise physiology. About two dozen trials have been identified in this domain, with most of the trials published during the past 5 years, while drinking hydrogen-rich water recognized as the most convenient method to deliver H2 in both animal and human studies.
Results: Either administered as an inhalational gas, enteral hydrogen-rich water, or intravenous hydrogen-rich saline, H2 seems to favorably affect various exercise performance outcomes and biomarkers of exercise-associated fatigue, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Not all studies have shown corroborative effects, and it appears that the gold-standard protocol for applying H2 in the field of exercise science does not exist at the moment, with studies markedly differ in the dose of H2 administered, the duration of treatment, and the source of hydrogen.
Conclusion: H2 is a newfangled and rather effective performance-enhancing agent, yet its promising ergogenic potency has to be further validated and characterized in more well-controlled, appropriately sampled and longterm mechanistic trials. Also, appropriate regulation of hydrogen utilization in sport as an exotic medical gas may require distinctive legislative actions of relevant regulatory agencies in the future.
背景:大约45年前，氢气(H2)进入了实验治疗领域。多年来，这个简单的分子似乎引起了更多的科学关注，这可能是由于在许多体外、动物和人类研究中证明了H2肯定特征的二元论，而另一方面它的生物活性机制仍然令人费解。到目前为止，H2已被用于170多种不同的疾病模型和病理，世界各地的许多研究小组最近开始动态研究其可能的性能增强潜力。方法:我们在此概述了在主要研究数据库(PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, JSTORE)中检索的研究，这些研究探讨了氢对运动表现的影响，并指出了未来研究的重要限制、开放问题和机会窗口，以及运动生理学中可能的H2制定。在这一领域已经进行了大约24项试验，其中大多数试验是在过去5年发表的，而在动物和人类研究中，饮用富氢水被认为是最方便的输送H2的方法。结果:无论是作为吸入气体、肠内富氢水还是静脉注射富氢盐水，H2似乎都有利于各种运动表现结果和运动相关疲劳、炎症和氧化应激的生物标志物。并不是所有的研究都显示出了确证性的效果，目前看来，在运动科学领域应用H2的金标准方案并不存在，研究在H2的剂量、治疗持续时间和氢的来源方面存在明显差异。结论:H2是一种新型的、相当有效的性能增强剂，但其具有良好的促肌力有待于在更严格的控制、适当的采样和长期的机制试验中进一步验证和表征。此外，对氢作为一种外来医疗气体在体育运动中的利用进行适当的监管，可能需要相关监管机构在未来采取独特的立法行动。
期刊介绍：
Current Pharmaceutical Design publishes timely in-depth reviews and research articles from leading pharmaceutical researchers in the field, covering all aspects of current research in rational drug design. Each issue is devoted to a single major therapeutic area guest edited by an acknowledged authority in the field.
Each thematic issue of Current Pharmaceutical Design covers all subject areas of major importance to modern drug design including: medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, drug targets and disease mechanism.
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