Water Quality Modelling for River Activities Management: Example from a Low- and Middle-Income Country.

IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine Journal of Health and Pollution Pub Date : 2020-12-02 eCollection Date: 2020-12-01 DOI:10.5696/2156-9614-10.28.201207
Izni Zahidi, Geoffrey Wilson, Katherine Brown, Felix Ku Kok Hou
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引用次数: 2

Abstract

Background: Rivers are susceptible to pollution and water pollution is a growing problem in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) with rapid development and minimal environmental protections. There are universal pollutant threshold values, but they are not directly linked to river activities such as sand mining and aquaculture. Water quality modelling can support assessments of river pollution and provide information on this important environmental issue.

Objectives: The objective of the present study was to demonstrate water quality modelling methodology in reviewing existing policies for Malaysian river catchments based on an example case study.

Methods: The MIKE 11 software developed by the Danish Hydraulic Institute was used to model the main pollutant point sources within the study area - sand mining and aquaculture. Water quality data were obtained for six river stations from 2000 to 2015. All sand mining and aquaculture locations and approximate production capacities were quantified by ground survey. Modelling of the sand washing effluents was undertaken with the advection-dispersion module due to the nature of the fine sediment. Modelling of the fates of aquaculture deposits required both advection-dispersion and Danish Hydraulic Institute ECO Lab modules to simulate the detailed interactions between water quality determinants.

Results: According to the Malaysian standard, biochemical oxygen command (BOD) and ammonium (NH4) parameters fell under Class IV at most of the river reaches, while the dissolved oxygen (DO) parameter varied between Classes II to IV. Total suspended solids (TSS) fell within Classes IV to V along the mid river reaches of the catchment.

Discussion: Comparison between corresponding constituents and locations showed that the water quality model reproduced the long-term duration exceedance for the main body of the curves. However, the water quality model underestimated the infrequent high concentration observations. A standard effluent disposal was proposed for the development of legislation and regulations by authorities in the district that could be replicated for other similar catchments.

Conclusions: Modelling pollutants enables observation of trends over the years and the percentage of time a certain class is exceeded for each individual pollutant. The catchment did not meet Class II requirements and may not be able to reach Class I without extensive improvements in the quality and reducing the quantity of both point and non-point effluent sources within the catchment.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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河流活动管理的水质建模:来自低收入和中等收入国家的例子。
背景:河流易受污染,在发展迅速、环境保护程度低的中低收入国家(LMIC),水污染问题日益严重。有普遍的污染物阈值,但它们与采砂和水产养殖等河流活动没有直接联系。水质模型可以支持对河流污染的评估,并提供有关这一重要环境问题的信息。目的:本研究的目的是在一个案例研究的基础上,展示在审查马来西亚河流集水区现有政策时的水质建模方法。方法:采用丹麦水利研究所开发的MIKE 11软件对研究区主要污染点源采砂和水产养殖进行建模。获得了2000 - 2015年6个河流站点的水质数据。所有采砂和水产养殖地点和近似生产能力通过地面调查量化。由于细沉积物的性质,采用平流-分散模块对洗砂废水进行建模。水产养殖沉积物命运的建模需要平流-分散和丹麦水力研究所ECO实验室模块来模拟水质决定因素之间的详细相互作用。结果:根据马来西亚标准,大部分河段生化氧指令(BOD)和铵态氮(NH4)参数均为IV类,溶解氧(DO)参数在II - IV类之间变化,流域中游河段总悬浮物(TSS)均为IV - V类。讨论:相应成分和位置的比较表明,水质模型再现了曲线主体的长期持续时间超标。然而,水质模型低估了不常见的高浓度观测。提出了一项标准的污水处理,以便该地区当局制定立法和条例,并可在其他类似的集水区复制。结论:对污染物进行建模可以观察多年来的趋势,以及每种污染物超过某一类的时间百分比。该集水区没有达到第II类的要求,如果不广泛改善水质和减少集水区内的点及非点污水源的数量,可能无法达到第I类。利益竞争:作者声明没有经济利益竞争。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Journal of Health and Pollution
Journal of Health and Pollution Medicine-Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
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审稿时长
18 weeks
期刊介绍: The Journal of Health and Pollution (JH&P) was initiated with funding from the European Union and World Bank and continues to be a Platinum Open Access Journal. There are no publication or viewing charges. That is, there are no charges to readers or authors. Upon peer-review and acceptance, all articles are made available online. The high-ranking editorial board is comprised of active members who participate in JH&P submissions and editorial policies. The Journal of Health and Pollution welcomes manuscripts based on original research as well as findings from re-interpretation and examination of existing data. JH&P focuses on point source pollution, related health impacts, environmental control and remediation technology. JH&P also has an interest in ambient and indoor pollution. Pollutants of particular interest include heavy metals, pesticides, radionuclides, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), air particulates (PM10 and PM2.5), and other severe and persistent toxins. JH&P emphasizes work relating directly to low and middle-income countries, however relevant work relating to high-income countries will be considered on a case-by-case basis.
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