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Pesticide Spraying and Reduced Cholinesterase Activity among Hill Tribe Farmers in Thailand. 农药喷洒与泰国山地部落农民胆碱酯酶活性降低。
IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210908
Kowit Nambunmee, Tharinya Kawiya, Richard L Neitzel, Prapamon Seeprasert

Background: Farming is an important occupation in Thai hill tribe communities, which are often remote, and lack other economic opportunities along with basic educational, health care, and occupational health and safety services. Additionally, these communities have a unique culture and language.

Objectives: The present study was conducted in northern Thailand to evaluate pesticide exposures and associated health impacts among hill tribe farmers, and to compare them to Thai farmers.

Methods: Lahu hill tribe farmers in a mountain community were recruited by public health hospital staff, along with a reference group of lowland Thai farmers. Participants completed a survey on demographic factors and work practices, and blood and urine samples were collected by a trained nurse. Acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) was quantified to assess pesticide exposure, whereas liver and kidney functions were evaluated using clinical biomarkers.

Results: A large fraction (nearly 50%) of Lahu farmers were illiterate and could not speak Thai. Thai farmers worked fewer hours per week (39.4) than did Lahu farmers. Among Lahu farmers, AChE levels were significantly lower (worse) than those of Thai farmers. However, other health outcomes in these populations were similar. Formal education and language skills were not associated with pesticide exposures or health outcomes. Pesticide spraying was found to be a significant predictor of reduced AChE (OR=8.5, 95% CI 1.1-69.6).

Conclusions: Pesticide exposures are a significant occupational health hazard among Thai hill tribe farmers. Training, potentially delivered by community health volunteers, is needed to communicate safe pesticide work practices to these farmers.

Participant consent: Obtained.

Ethics approval: The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Mae Fah Luang University (REH-61080).

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

背景:农业是泰国山地部落社区的一项重要职业,这些社区往往地处偏远,缺乏其他经济机会以及基本的教育、卫生保健和职业卫生与安全服务。此外,这些社区有独特的文化和语言。目的:本研究在泰国北部进行,以评估山地部落农民的农药暴露及其相关的健康影响,并将其与泰国农民进行比较。方法:公共卫生医院的工作人员招募了山区拉胡山部落的农民,同时招募了泰国低地农民作为参考组。参与者完成了一项关于人口因素和工作实践的调查,血液和尿液样本由一名训练有素的护士收集。通过量化乙酰胆碱酯酶活性(AChE)来评估农药暴露程度,同时使用临床生物标志物来评估肝肾功能。结果:大部分(近50%)的拉祜族农民是文盲,不会说泰语。泰国农民每周工作时间(39.4小时)少于拉祜族农民。在拉祜族农民中,乙酰胆碱酯酶水平明显低于(低于)泰国农民。然而,这些人群的其他健康结果是相似的。正规教育和语言技能与农药接触或健康结果无关。发现农药喷洒是乙酰胆碱酯酶降低的重要预测因子(OR=8.5, 95% CI 1.1-69.6)。结论:农药暴露是泰国山地部落农民的重要职业健康危害。需要培训,可能由社区卫生志愿者提供,以便向这些农民宣传安全的农药工作做法。参与者同意:已获取。伦理批准:研究方案已获得美发銮大学机构审查委员会(REH-61080)批准。利益竞争:作者声明没有经济利益竞争。
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引用次数: 1
Effect of Power Plant Ash and Slag Disposal on the Environment and Population Health in Ukraine. 乌克兰电厂灰渣处理对环境和人口健康的影响
IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-08-17 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210910
Oleksandr Popov, Andrii Iatsyshyn, Valeriia Kovach, Volodymyr Artemchuk, Iryna Kameneva, Oksana Radchenko, Kyrylo Nikolaiev, Valentyna Stanytsina, Anna Iatsyshyn, Yevhen Romanenko

Background: Ash and slag disposal areas of Ukrainian thermal power plants accumulate large amounts of waste annually.

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to analyze the composition of ash and slag wastes generated during combustion of coal at Ukrainian thermal power plants and the potential affects of disposal areas on the environment.

Methods: A literature search was conducted using the Google search engine to access online academic publications indexed in Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Clarivate Analytics (Web of Science), ScienceDirect, ResearchGate and Springer Link from 2011 in English and Ukrainian.

Results: After analyzing the 25 academic articles included in the present review, the results indicated that hazardous constituents (oxides of silicon, aluminium, iron, calcium and magnesium) of ash can migrate from the ash dump surface by air and water to contaminate the atmosphere, soil, groundwater and surface water in areas located within a few kilometers from the waste site.

Conclusions: By-products of the fuel and energy complex of Ukraine are potentially dangerous sources of environmental pollution. They create risks to the health of the population living in the surrounding territories. Further studies should focus on the features of pollutant transfer from ash dumps, and development of appropriate mathematical models of the pollutant migration to assess pollution levels in soil, groundwater and air.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

背景:乌克兰火力发电厂的灰渣处理区每年积累大量废物。目的:本研究的目的是分析乌克兰火力发电厂燃烧煤时产生的灰和渣废物的成分以及处置区对环境的潜在影响。方法:使用Google搜索引擎检索2011年以来在Google Scholar、PubMed、Scopus、Clarivate Analytics (Web of Science)、ScienceDirect、ResearchGate和Springer Link中收录的英文和乌克兰文在线学术出版物。结果:通过对收录的25篇学术论文的分析,结果表明,灰中的有害成分(硅、铝、铁、钙和镁的氧化物)可以通过空气和水从排土场表面迁移,污染距离排土场几公里范围内的大气、土壤、地下水和地表水。结论:乌克兰燃料和能源综合体的副产品是环境污染的潜在危险来源。它们对居住在周边领土上的居民的健康构成威胁。进一步的研究应侧重于灰堆污染物转移的特征,并建立适当的污染物迁移数学模型,以评估土壤、地下水和空气中的污染水平。利益竞争:作者声明没有经济利益竞争。
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引用次数: 9
Relationship between Respiratory Morbidity and Environmental Exposure to Organochlorine Pesticides in Armenia. 亚美尼亚呼吸系统发病率与环境中有机氯农药暴露之间的关系。
IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-08-17 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210904
Natalya S Tadevosyan, Gayane V Kirakosyan, Susanna A Muradyan, Susanna B Poghosyan, Bavakan G Khachatryan

Background: Many studies have investigated the effects of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) on adverse health outcomes. However, studies addressing the link between respiratory health and OCPs are limited. Organochlorine pesticides are stable compounds and belong to the class of endocrine disrupting chemicals that represent a threat to global health.

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to examine the association between respiratory morbidity and environmental exposure to OCPs in selected regions in Armenia.

Methods: The study was carried out in Lori and Gegharkunik provinces/marzes. The prevalence rate (per 100 000 population) and the average chronological indicators (ACh) for all respiratory diseases and asthma were calculated. Concentrations of OCPs (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH), dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane [DDT], dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethane (DDD)) were determined in soil and plant product samples and the average annual total concentration (AATC) of OCPs (γ-HCH + 4,4'-DDT + 4,4'-DDE+4,4'-DDD) was calculated.

Results: The ACI for all respiratory diseases showed a growth tendency in areas of Gegharkunik province ranging from 14.2 to 20.9% and an increase in asthma ranging from 9.4% to 174.6%. The highest levels of AATC of OCPs were found in soil sampled in Gegharkunik province: 9.48 ± 1.11 μg/kg and 8.10 ± 1.05 μg/kg and these levels differed significantly from those in Lori (p=0.01-0.0007). The AATC of OCPs in plant products from Gegharkunik was also statistically higher: 1.83±0.13 μg/kg, in comparison with that of Lori province 1.31±0.09 μg/kg (p = 0.001 - 0.0000).

Conclusions: The results indicate that the increased tendency of respiratory diseases and asthma could be related to OCP residues found in soil and plant products in Gegharkunik province. However, the role of OCPs should not be ignored. Further research is needed to study OCP contamination dynamics and clarify the role of OCPs in respiratory morbidity.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

背景:许多研究调查了有机氯农药(OCPs)对不良健康后果的影响。然而,针对呼吸系统健康与有机氯农药之间联系的研究却很有限。有机氯农药是稳定化合物,属于内分泌干扰化学品,对全球健康构成威胁:本研究旨在考察亚美尼亚部分地区呼吸系统发病率与环境中暴露于有机氯农药之间的关系:研究在洛里省和盖加尔克尼克省/马兹进行。计算了所有呼吸道疾病和哮喘的发病率(每 100 000 人)和平均时序指标(ACh)。测定了土壤和植物产品样本中 OCPs(γ-六氯环己烷 (γ-HCH)、二氯二苯基三氯乙烷 [DDT]、二氯二苯基二氯乙烯 (DDE) 和二氯二苯基二氯乙烷 (DDD))的浓度,并计算了 OCPs(γ-HCH + 4,4'-DDT + 4,4'-DDE+4,4'-DDD )的年平均总浓度 (AATC)。结果显示盖加尔库尼克省所有呼吸道疾病的 ACI 均呈增长趋势,增幅在 14.2% 至 20.9% 之间,哮喘的增幅在 9.4% 至 174.6% 之间。在盖哈尔库尼克省采样的土壤中,OCPs 的 AATC 含量最高:9.48 ± 1.11 μg/kg 和 8.10 ± 1.05 μg/kg,这些含量与萝莉体内的含量有显著差异(p=0.01-0.0007)。格哈尔库尼克植物产品中 OCPs 的 AATC 在统计上也更高:1.83±0.13 μg/kg,而洛里省为 1.31±0.09 μg/kg(p = 0.001 - 0.0000):结果表明,格哈尔库尼克省呼吸道疾病和哮喘发病率的增加可能与土壤和植物产品中的 OCP 残留有关。然而,OCP 的作用也不容忽视。需要进一步研究 OCP 的污染动态,明确 OCP 在呼吸道疾病中的作用:作者声明不存在经济利益冲突。
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引用次数: 0
Assessment of Heavy Metals and Related Impacts on Antioxidants and Physiological Parameters in Oil Refinery Workers in Iraq. 伊拉克炼油厂工人重金属含量及其对抗氧化剂和生理参数的影响
IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-08-17 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210907
Mohammed A Ajeel, Akram A Ajeel, Aws Maseer Nejres, Riyam Ameen Salih

Background: Some heavy metals can be harmful to human health in elevated doses such as zinc (Zn) and magnesium (Mg), while others such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and copper (Cu) have harmful consequences to health even in small doses. Heavy metals and additives are incorporated into crude oil to enhance performance.3,4,5 Crude oil is well known to contain heavy metals like Cu, Cd, Ni and Pb.3,6,7.

Objective: The current study aimed to assess levels of heavy metals and the impact of these metals on antioxidant levels and physiological variables in the serum of oil refinery workers in Iraq.

Methods: Heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Hg, Zn, Cu and Mg were assessed in the serum of a sample of refinery workers (N=40) and a control group (N=20) using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Additionally, levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), δ-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and physiological variables such as blood urea, serum creatinine, glutamate-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamate-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were measured to assess impact of these heavy metals.

Results: Mercury, Cd, and Pb were significantly elevated in the refinery worker group in comparison with the control group, while the levels of Zn, Cu, and Mg were significantly lower in the refinery worker group compared to the control group. There was a significant difference between the control group and the worker group for most of the antioxidants and functional variables. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly lower in the worker group while blood urea, serum creatinine, glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) showed a significant elevation in the workers' group. Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) showed no significant difference between the control group and the worker group.

Conclusions: Refinery workers are at increased risk of having higher serum levels of Pb, Cd, and Hg compared to controls which can lead to an increase in oxidative stress, decrease in TAC, and decrease in the essential trace elements Zn, Cu and Mg.

Participant consent: Obtained.

Ethics approval: This study was approved by the ethics committee within the Nineveh Health Department, Mosul, Iraq.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

背景:一些重金属如锌(Zn)和镁(Mg)在高剂量时可能对人体健康有害,而其他重金属如铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)和铜(Cu)即使是小剂量也会对健康造成有害后果。原油中加入重金属和添加剂以提高性能。众所周知,原油中含有Cu、Cd、Ni和pb等重金属。目的:本研究旨在评估伊拉克炼油厂工人血清中重金属水平及其对抗氧化水平和生理变量的影响。方法:采用原子吸收光谱法(AAS)测定40例炼油厂工人和20例对照组血清中Pb、Cd、Hg、Zn、Cu、Mg等重金属含量。此外,还测量了丙二醛(MDA)、δ-氨基乙酰丙酸脱水酶(ALAD)和总抗氧化能力(TAC)水平,以及血液尿素、血清肌酐、谷氨酸-草酰转氨酶(GOT)、谷氨酸-丙酮转氨酶(GPT)和γ -谷氨酰转移酶(GGT)等生理变量,以评估这些重金属的影响。结果:与对照组相比,炼油厂工人组汞、Cd、Pb含量明显升高,而锌、Cu、Mg含量明显低于对照组。在大多数抗氧化剂和功能变量方面,对照组和工人组之间存在显著差异。总抗氧化能力(TAC)、δ-氨基乙酰丙酸脱水酶(ALAD)和丙二醛(MDA)在工人组显著降低,而血尿素、血清肌酐、谷氨酸丙酮酸转氨酶(GPT)和γ -谷氨酰转移酶(GGT)在工人组显著升高。谷草转氨酶(GOT)在对照组和工人组之间无显著差异。结论:与对照组相比,炼油厂工人血清中Pb、Cd和Hg水平升高的风险更高,这可能导致氧化应激增加,TAC降低,必需微量元素Zn、Cu和Mg减少。参与者同意:已获取。伦理批准:本研究已获得伊拉克摩苏尔尼尼微卫生部伦理委员会的批准。利益竞争:作者声明没有经济利益竞争。
{"title":"Assessment of Heavy Metals and Related Impacts on Antioxidants and Physiological Parameters in Oil Refinery Workers in Iraq.","authors":"Mohammed A Ajeel,&nbsp;Akram A Ajeel,&nbsp;Aws Maseer Nejres,&nbsp;Riyam Ameen Salih","doi":"10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210907","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Some heavy metals can be harmful to human health in elevated doses such as zinc (Zn) and magnesium (Mg), while others such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and copper (Cu) have harmful consequences to health even in small doses. Heavy metals and additives are incorporated into crude oil to enhance performance.3,4,5 Crude oil is well known to contain heavy metals like Cu, Cd, Ni and Pb.3,6,7.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The current study aimed to assess levels of heavy metals and the impact of these metals on antioxidant levels and physiological variables in the serum of oil refinery workers in Iraq.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Hg, Zn, Cu and Mg were assessed in the serum of a sample of refinery workers (N=40) and a control group (N=20) using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Additionally, levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), δ-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and physiological variables such as blood urea, serum creatinine, glutamate-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamate-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were measured to assess impact of these heavy metals.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mercury, Cd, and Pb were significantly elevated in the refinery worker group in comparison with the control group, while the levels of Zn, Cu, and Mg were significantly lower in the refinery worker group compared to the control group. There was a significant difference between the control group and the worker group for most of the antioxidants and functional variables. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly lower in the worker group while blood urea, serum creatinine, glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) showed a significant elevation in the workers' group. Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) showed no significant difference between the control group and the worker group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Refinery workers are at increased risk of having higher serum levels of Pb, Cd, and Hg compared to controls which can lead to an increase in oxidative stress, decrease in TAC, and decrease in the essential trace elements Zn, Cu and Mg.</p><p><strong>Participant consent: </strong>Obtained.</p><p><strong>Ethics approval: </strong>This study was approved by the ethics committee within the Nineveh Health Department, Mosul, Iraq.</p><p><strong>Competing interests: </strong>The authors declare no competing financial interests.</p>","PeriodicalId":52138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health and Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8383791/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39344185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Broiler Chickens and Heavy Metal Removal in Drinking Water using Moringa Oleifera Seeds in Lomé, Togo. 多哥lomovel地区肉鸡体内重金属积累及辣木籽去除饮用水中重金属的健康风险评价
IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-08-17 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210911
Idrissa Soumaoro, Wéré Pitala, Kissao Gnandi, Tona Kokou

Background: Heavy metals are persistent in the environment and can cause bioaccumulation in the food chain. Drinking water contamination by heavy metals can pose a risk to poultry and to human health. The need for affordable, reliable and effective methods of water treatment has led to the use of plants materials, including coagulants such as Moringa oleifera seeds, to ensure poultry products are safe for consumers.

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of drinking water treatment by Moringa oleifera seed on the concentration and distribution of metals such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) in different parts of broilers chickens and theirs effects on consumer health.

Methods: A total number of 264 one-day old chickens (Cobb-500) were assigned to three treatments, with 22 birds in each treatment and replicated four times: untreated well water (UW), well water treated with Moringa oleifera seeds and filtered (MOF) and well water treated with Moringa oleifera seeds but unfiltered (MOU). Thirty birds were randomly chosen from different treatments and slaughtered at day 45 of the experiment and samples of livers, kidneys, gizzards and breasts were obtained and analyzed for toxic metals concentrations using atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

Results: The results indicated that the bioaccumulation of heavy metals was lower in MOF than those in UW and MOU. The target hazard quotient (THQ) for individual metals was below acceptable limits except for As and Pb in UW and MOU. The carcinogenic risk (TR) was estimated for each metal due to consumption of different types of chicken.

Conclusions: Moringa oleifera seeds are an environmentally friendly natural coagulant and able to treat water containing undesirable heavy metal concentrations and ensure that poultry meat is safe for consumers.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Ethics approval: This study was approved by the ethics Committee of the University of Lomé-Togo.

背景:重金属在环境中具有持久性,并可在食物链中引起生物积累。被重金属污染的饮用水可对家禽和人类健康构成风险。对负担得起、可靠和有效的水处理方法的需求导致使用植物材料,包括凝固剂,如辣木种子,以确保家禽产品对消费者安全。目的:研究辣木籽对肉鸡饮用水中砷(as)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)、镍(Ni)、铅(Pb)等金属的浓度和分布的影响及其对消费者健康的影响。方法:将264只1日龄鸡(Cobb-500)分为3个处理,每个处理22只,重复4次:未经处理的井水(UW)、经过滤的辣木籽处理的井水(MOF)和经未经过滤的辣木籽处理的井水(MOU)。试验第45天,从不同处理中随机选取30只鸡屠宰,取其肝脏、肾脏、砂囊和乳房标本,采用原子吸收分光光度法测定有毒金属浓度。结果:MOF中重金属的生物积累量低于UW和MOU。除UW和MOU中的As和Pb外,其他金属的目标危害商(THQ)均低于可接受限度。由于食用不同种类的鸡肉,对每种金属的致癌风险(TR)进行了估计。结论:辣木籽是一种环保的天然混凝剂,能够处理含有不良重金属浓度的水,确保禽肉对消费者是安全的。利益竞争:作者声明没有经济利益竞争。伦理批准:本研究已获得lomsami - togo大学伦理委员会的批准。
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引用次数: 7
Competitive Adsorption of Congo red in Single and Binary Systems Using a Low-cost Adsorbent. 低成本吸附剂对刚果红在单、二元体系中的竞争吸附。
IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-08-17 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210912
Abdur-Rahim A Giwa, Isah A Bello, Mary A Oladipo, Deborah O Aderibigbe

Background: Sawdust from Parkia biglobosa was prepared as an adsorbent for the adsorption of dye from aqueous solution.

Objectives: The ability of sawdust to adsorb Congo red in a single dye system and binary dye system was examined.

Methods: Effects of several variables (pH, contact time, initial dye concentration and adsorbent dose) were investigated and optimum conditions were established. The equilibrium data were subjected to kinetic and isotherm models.

Results: Equilibrium time was observed at 600 mins while the optimum dose was 0.2 g and there was an increase in adsorption at low pH. The equilibrium data fitted the Freundlich isotherm model in both systems (coefficient correlation (R2) > 0.9). Harkin-Jura was the worst-fitted (R2 < 0.8). The qm in the single system (21.65) was lower than in BDS (27.17; 34.01). The values of 1/n show the heterogeneity on the surface of sawdust which reduced in the BDS. The increase in qm in the binary system showed that the presence of another dye (Reactive black 5) had a synergistic effect on the adsorption of Congo red. The kinetics of the process followed the pseudo-second-order model both in the single system and one of the binary systems. The dynamics of the process showed that the single system was non-spontaneous at low temperatures, endothermic and increased randomness on the surface of the adsorbent, while in the binary system, the process was exothermic and had little affinity for the adsorbent.

Conclusions: Sawdust from Parkia biglobosa is a potential adsorbent for removing Congo red dye from aqueous solution in single and binary systems.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

背景:制备了木屑作为吸附染料的吸附剂。目的:考察木屑在单一染料体系和二元染料体系中对刚果红的吸附能力。方法:考察pH、接触时间、初始染料浓度、吸附剂用量等因素对吸附效果的影响,确定最佳吸附条件。平衡数据采用了动力学和等温模型。结果:当最佳给药剂量为0.2 g时,平衡时间为600 min,低ph时吸附量增加,两体系的平衡数据均符合Freundlich等温模型(相关系数R2 > 0.9)。Harkin-Jura是拟合最差的(R2 < 0.8)。单系统的qm(21.65)低于北斗系统(27.17);34.01)。1/n值反映了木屑表面的非均匀性,这种非均匀性在BDS中有所降低。二元体系中qm的增加表明另一种染料(活性黑5)的存在对刚果红的吸附有协同作用。该过程的动力学在单系统和其中一个二元系统中都遵循伪二阶模型。动力学分析表明,单体系在低温下是非自发的,吸热的,吸附剂表面的随机性增加,而二元体系则是放热的,对吸附剂的亲和力很小。结论:大白桦木屑是一种潜在的吸附剂,可用于去除单、二元体系中的刚果红染料。利益竞争:作者声明没有经济利益竞争。
{"title":"Competitive Adsorption of Congo red in Single and Binary Systems Using a Low-cost Adsorbent.","authors":"Abdur-Rahim A Giwa,&nbsp;Isah A Bello,&nbsp;Mary A Oladipo,&nbsp;Deborah O Aderibigbe","doi":"10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210912","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sawdust from <i>Parkia biglobosa</i> was prepared as an adsorbent for the adsorption of dye from aqueous solution.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The ability of sawdust to adsorb Congo red in a single dye system and binary dye system was examined.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Effects of several variables (pH, contact time, initial dye concentration and adsorbent dose) were investigated and optimum conditions were established. The equilibrium data were subjected to kinetic and isotherm models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Equilibrium time was observed at 600 mins while the optimum dose was 0.2 g and there was an increase in adsorption at low pH. The equilibrium data fitted the Freundlich isotherm model in both systems (coefficient correlation (R<sup>2</sup>) > 0.9). Harkin-Jura was the worst-fitted (R<sup>2</sup> < 0.8). The q<sub>m</sub> in the single system (21.65) was lower than in BDS (27.17; 34.01). The values of 1/n show the heterogeneity on the surface of sawdust which reduced in the BDS. The increase in q<sub>m</sub> in the binary system showed that the presence of another dye (Reactive black 5) had a synergistic effect on the adsorption of Congo red. The kinetics of the process followed the pseudo-second-order model both in the single system and one of the binary systems. The dynamics of the process showed that the single system was non-spontaneous at low temperatures, endothermic and increased randomness on the surface of the adsorbent, while in the binary system, the process was exothermic and had little affinity for the adsorbent.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Sawdust from <i>Parkia biglobosa</i> is a potential adsorbent for removing Congo red dye from aqueous solution in single and binary systems.</p><p><strong>Competing interests: </strong>The authors declare no competing financial interests.</p>","PeriodicalId":52138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health and Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8383789/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39344189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Systematic Review of Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Obstructive Lung Disease. 多环芳烃暴露与阻塞性肺疾病的系统综述。
IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-08-17 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210903
Chinemerem C Nwaozuzu, Kingsley C Partick-Iwuanyanwu, Stephen O Abah

Background: There is fast-growing epidemiologic evidence of the effects of environmental chemicals on respiratory health. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been linked with airway obstruction common in asthma and/or asthma exacerbation, and chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

Objectives: A systematic review of the association between exposure to PAHs and obstructive lung diseases is not yet available. The present systematic review aims to evaluate the evidence available in epidemiological studies that have associated PAHs with obstructive lung diseases such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema.

Methods: We performed a systematic literature search on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases using relevant keywords and guided by predesigned eligibility criteria.

Results: From the total of 30 articles reviewed, 16 articles examined the link between PAHs and lung function in both adults and children. Twelve articles investigated the association between PAHs and asthma, asthma biomarkers, and/or asthma symptoms in children. Two articles studied the relationship between PAHs and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), a biomarker of airway inflammation and the relationship between PAHs and obstructive lung diseases and infections, respectively. One study assessed exposure to daily ambient PAHs and cough occurrence.

Discussion: Twenty-seven studies found an association between PAHs and asthma and reduced lung function. In children it is reinforced by studies on prenatal and postnatal exposure, whereas in adults, reductions in lung function tests marked by low forced expiratory volume in 1 second, (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory flow (FEF25-75%) were the major health outcomes. Some studies recorded contrasting results: insignificant and/or no association between the two variables of interest. The studies reviewed had limitations ranging from small sample size, to the use of cross-sectional rather than longitudinal study design.

Conclusions: The literature reviewed in the present study largely suggest positive correlations between PAHs and obstructive lung diseases marked mainly by asthma and reduced respiratory function. This review was registered with PROSPERO (Registration no: CRD42020212894).

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

背景:越来越多的流行病学证据表明环境化学物质对呼吸系统健康的影响。多环芳烃(PAHs)与哮喘和/或哮喘加重、慢性支气管炎和肺气肿中常见的气道阻塞有关。目的:对多环芳烃暴露与阻塞性肺疾病之间关系的系统综述尚未得到。本系统综述旨在评价流行病学研究中有关多环芳烃与哮喘、慢性支气管炎、肺气肿等阻塞性肺部疾病相关的证据。方法:根据预先设计的入选标准,使用相关关键词对PubMed、Google Scholar和Scopus数据库进行系统的文献检索。结果:在共审阅的30篇文章中,有16篇文章研究了多环芳烃与成人和儿童肺功能之间的联系。12篇文章调查了多环芳烃与哮喘、哮喘生物标志物和/或儿童哮喘症状之间的关系。两篇文章分别研究了多环芳烃与分数呼气一氧化氮(FeNO)(气道炎症的生物标志物)和多环芳烃与阻塞性肺部疾病和感染的关系。一项研究评估了每天暴露于环境多环芳烃和咳嗽的发生率。讨论:27项研究发现多环芳烃与哮喘和肺功能减退有关。在儿童中,对产前和产后暴露的研究加强了这一点,而在成人中,以1秒用力呼气量(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)和用力呼气流量(FEF25-75%)低为标志的肺功能测试减少是主要的健康结果。一些研究记录了相反的结果:两个感兴趣的变量之间不显著和/或没有关联。所回顾的研究有局限性,包括样本量小,使用横断面而不是纵向研究设计。结论:本研究查阅的文献显示,多环芳烃与以哮喘和呼吸功能减退为主要表现的阻塞性肺疾病呈正相关。本综述已在PROSPERO注册(注册号:CRD42020212894)。利益竞争:作者声明没有经济利益竞争。
{"title":"Systematic Review of Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Obstructive Lung Disease.","authors":"Chinemerem C Nwaozuzu,&nbsp;Kingsley C Partick-Iwuanyanwu,&nbsp;Stephen O Abah","doi":"10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210903","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is fast-growing epidemiologic evidence of the effects of environmental chemicals on respiratory health. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been linked with airway obstruction common in asthma and/or asthma exacerbation, and chronic bronchitis and emphysema.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>A systematic review of the association between exposure to PAHs and obstructive lung diseases is not yet available. The present systematic review aims to evaluate the evidence available in epidemiological studies that have associated PAHs with obstructive lung diseases such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a systematic literature search on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases using relevant keywords and guided by predesigned eligibility criteria.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From the total of 30 articles reviewed, 16 articles examined the link between PAHs and lung function in both adults and children. Twelve articles investigated the association between PAHs and asthma, asthma biomarkers, and/or asthma symptoms in children. Two articles studied the relationship between PAHs and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), a biomarker of airway inflammation and the relationship between PAHs and obstructive lung diseases and infections, respectively. One study assessed exposure to daily ambient PAHs and cough occurrence.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Twenty-seven studies found an association between PAHs and asthma and reduced lung function. In children it is reinforced by studies on prenatal and postnatal exposure, whereas in adults, reductions in lung function tests marked by low forced expiratory volume in 1 second, (FEV<sub>1</sub>), forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory flow (FEF<sub>25-75%</sub>) were the major health outcomes. Some studies recorded contrasting results: insignificant and/or no association between the two variables of interest. The studies reviewed had limitations ranging from small sample size, to the use of cross-sectional rather than longitudinal study design.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The literature reviewed in the present study largely suggest positive correlations between PAHs and obstructive lung diseases marked mainly by asthma and reduced respiratory function. This review was registered with PROSPERO (Registration no: CRD42020212894).</p><p><strong>Competing interests: </strong>The authors declare no competing financial interests.</p>","PeriodicalId":52138,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health and Pollution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8383797/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39344266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
Prospective Cohort Study on the Effect of an Intervention to Reduce Household Air Pollution Among Sudanese Women and Children. 苏丹妇女和儿童减少家庭空气污染干预效果的前瞻性队列研究。
IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-08-17 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210905
Alawia K Suliman, Maysoon M Saleh, Kristin Sznajder, Tonya S King, W Stuart Warren

Background: Exposure to household air pollution through the burning of biomass fuels is a global health concern and can lead to negative health outcomes such as asthma and lung disease.

Objectives: The goal of this four-year study was to determine whether an intervention to reduce household air pollution (HAP) which included health education and a new well-ventilated cooking location would reduce exposure to HAP, lower carbon monoxide (CO) levels and improve the health of women and children in Port Sudan, Sudan.

Methods: In 2016, 115 women of low socioeconomic status and their children were invited to participate in the study at two women's centers. One hundred and eleven women consented to participate and were divided into study and control groups on the basis of home ownership. Women who owned their homes learned about the adverse effects of HAP and a well-ventilated outside cooking location (rakoobah) was provided. Control women did not receive HAP education or a rakoobah. Questionnaires were used to assess the effect of education and a new well-ventilated cooking location for a group of Sudanese women who cook with biomass fuels. CO-oximetry was performed. Each year from 2017-2019, the questionnaires and CO-oximetry were repeated.

Results: Sixty-five women and 33 children were assigned to the study group and 46 women and 19 children were assigned to the control group in 2016. Women were enrolled in 2016 with CO levels of 17.8% and 17.4%, respectively. One year later some of the study group women had lower CO levels and others higher, while the CO levels of the controls were stable. An intensive HAP education program was started for the study group women. By 2019, the last study year, the CO levels of both the study and control group women had dropped to normal levels of 2.9% and 3.1%, respectively. Control group women may have benefited from the HAP education and modeled behavior of those in the study group.

Conclusions: The health impact of the change in cooking location was unclear, yet both groups reported fewer health care visits in 2019. Education and an outside cooking location resulted in lower CO levels of Sudanese women and children.

Participant consent: Obtained.

Ethics approval: The study was approved by the Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center Institutional Review Board and the Ethics Committee of the Red Sea University Faculty of Medicine located in Port Sudan, Sudan.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

背景:通过燃烧生物质燃料暴露于室内空气污染是一个全球健康问题,可导致哮喘和肺病等负面健康后果。目的:这项为期四年的研究的目的是确定减少家庭空气污染(HAP)的干预措施(包括健康教育和新的通风良好的烹饪场所)是否会减少暴露于HAP,降低一氧化碳(CO)水平并改善苏丹苏丹港妇女和儿童的健康。方法:2016年,邀请115名社会经济地位较低的妇女及其子女参加两个妇女中心的研究。111名妇女同意参加,并根据房屋所有权分为研究组和对照组。拥有自己房屋的妇女了解了HAP的不利影响,并提供了通风良好的室外烹饪场所(rakoobah)。对照组妇女没有接受过HAP教育或rakoobah。调查问卷用于评估教育和通风良好的新烹饪地点对一群使用生物质燃料烹饪的苏丹妇女的影响。co -氧饱和度测定。2017-2019年,每年重复进行问卷调查和co -血氧测定。结果:2016年,65名妇女和33名儿童被分配到研究组,46名妇女和19名儿童被分配到对照组。2016年,女性的CO含量分别为17.8%和17.4%。一年后,研究小组中的一些女性体内的二氧化碳含量较低,而另一些则较高,而对照组的二氧化碳含量则保持稳定。一项针对研究小组妇女的强化HAP教育计划开始了。到2019年,也就是最后一个研究年度,研究组和对照组女性的CO水平分别降至2.9%和3.1%的正常水平。对照组妇女可能受益于HAP教育和学习小组的模范行为。结论:烹饪地点变化对健康的影响尚不清楚,但两组人在2019年都报告了更少的医疗保健访问。教育和室外烹饪场所导致苏丹妇女和儿童的二氧化碳水平较低。参与者同意:已获取。伦理批准:该研究得到了宾夕法尼亚州立大学米尔顿·s·好时医学中心机构审查委员会和位于苏丹苏丹港的红海大学医学院伦理委员会的批准。利益竞争:作者声明没有经济利益竞争。
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引用次数: 0
Heavy Metals and Health Risks Associated with Consumption of Herbal Plants Sold in a Major Urban Market in Southwest, Nigeria. 尼日利亚西南部一个主要城市市场出售的草药消费与重金属和健康风险。
IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-08-17 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210915
Johnson A Olusola, Oluwakemi B Akintan, Harrison A Erhenhi, Olagoke O Osanyinlusi

Background: Although herbal medicines play an important role as a source of medicine, concerns have been raised about the risks posed by consumption of these plants, especially if consumed above permissible levels.

Objectives: This study was undertaken to assess the level of exposure, toxicity and health risk associated with the consumption of herbal plants in Ado Ekiti urban market, Nigeria.

Methods: Ten commonly consumed herbal plants sold in Ado Ekiti urban market were subjected to heavy metal analysis. Health risk assessment was carried out to determine the estimated daily intake (EDI) of heavy metals, health risk index (HRI), target hazard quotient for non-carcinogenic risk and estimation of cancer risk (ECR).

Results: The EDIs for lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu) and magnesium (Mn) were above the upper tolerable daily intake reference for all studied plant species in both children and adults, an indication that herbal use poses a short-term to long-term health risk to consumers of these herbal products. The EDI for children was significantly lower compared to that of adults, indicating higher risks for adult consumers of these herbal products. The HRI in children for Pb (Alstonia congensis, Terminalia avicennioides, Aframomum melegueta, Cymbopogon citratus and Napoleona vogelii) were greater than 1; HRI in Cu and Mn also showed an unusually high concentration, an indication that long term exposure to the consumption of these herbal plants poses a serious health risk. The HRI in children and adults follows the order Mn > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cr; cadmium (Cd) was not detected in any of the herbal plants. The ECR for Pb, Ni and Cr present in the herbal plants for children ranged between 10-6 (low) to 10-3 (high), while the ECR for Pb, Ni and Cr for herbal plants for adults ranged between 10-5 (acceptable) to 10-2 (unacceptable). For both children and adults, there is a call for concern due to ECRs above the acceptable range; the consumption of these herbal plants poses a long-term cancer risk.

Conclusions: In both children and adults, ECRs for some of the herbal plants in the present study above the acceptable range present a risk to human health. The consumption of such herbal plants poses a long-term cancer risk.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

背景:尽管草药作为药物来源发挥着重要作用,但人们对食用这些植物带来的风险表示担忧,尤其是在食用量超过允许水平的情况下。目的:本研究旨在评估尼日利亚Ado Ekiti城市市场食用草药的暴露水平、毒性和健康风险。方法:对Ado Eki城市市场出售的10种常用草药进行重金属分析。进行健康风险评估,以确定重金属的估计每日摄入量(EDI)、健康风险指数(HRI)、非致癌风险的目标危险系数和癌症风险估计(ECR),在儿童和成人中,铜(Cu)和镁(Mn)均高于所有研究植物物种的每日可耐受摄入量参考上限,这表明草药使用对这些草药产品的消费者构成短期到长期的健康风险。儿童的EDI明显低于成年人,这表明这些草药产品的成年消费者面临更高的风险。儿童Pb的HRI(Alstonia conensis、Terminalia avicennioides、Aframomum melegueta、Cymbopogon citratus和Napoleona vogelii)大于1;铜和锰的HRI也显示出异常高的浓度,这表明长期食用这些草药会对健康造成严重风险。儿童和成人的HRI依次为Mn>Cu>Ni>Pb>Cr;在任何一种草药植物中都没有检测到镉。儿童草药植物中Pb、Ni和Cr的ECR在10-6(低)到10-3(高)之间,而成人草药植物中铅、Ni和铬的ECR则在10-5(可接受)到10-2(不可接受)之间。对于儿童和成人来说,由于ECRs超过可接受的范围,都需要关注;食用这些草药植物会带来长期的癌症风险。结论:在儿童和成人中,本研究中某些草药的ECRs超过可接受范围对人类健康构成风险。食用这种草药植物会带来长期的癌症风险。竞争性利益:作者声明没有竞争性经济利益。
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引用次数: 7
Impact of Air Pollution Generated by Brick Kilns on the Pulmonary Health of Workers. 砖窑空气污染对工人肺部健康的影响
IF 2.4 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2021-08-17 eCollection Date: 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-11.31.210906
Ali Raza, Zulfiqar Ali

Background: Brick kiln workers are often not aware of the health effects of their working environment and health-related respiratory problems. There have been few studies on the relationship between brick kiln pollution and its health impact on brick kiln workers.

Objectives: The present study measured the association of brick kiln contamination with severe respiratory problems and lung function among brick kiln workers in the Kasur district, Pakistan.

Methods: Air quality variables (PM2.5, PM10, sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)) were monitored during operations in brick kiln modulation and kiln areas. Workers (n=60) were selected for participation if they were between the ages of 18 and 60 and had been working in brick kilns for at least one year and gave consent to participate. Their lung function was measured.

Results: The average concentrations of measured air quality variables for all working sites were found to exceed the World Health Organization (WHO) and National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) guidelines. These high values of brick kiln pollutants were associated with a significant decrease in spirometric values (forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), and average flow between 25% and 75% of the FVC (FEF2575)) among workers and revealed that 78.33% of workers had abnormal lung function with 5% obstructive and 95% restrictive impairments. Occurrences of pulmonary problems like frequent cough (50%), chronic cough (11.67%), frequent phlegm (21.67%), chronic phlegm (11.67%), frequent wheezing (20%), chronic wheezing (15%), shortness of breath grade-I & grade-II (38.33%) and self-reported asthma (3.33%) were also found among the workers.

Conclusions: Pollution from brick kiln operations was significantly high and associated with respiratory problems as well as a decrease in lung function. There was a clear correlation between pulmonary function in workers with brick kiln contamination.

Participant consent: Obtained.

Ethics approval: This study was approved by the Bioethics Committee of the Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan (Ref.1443-UZ).

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

背景:砖窑工人往往没有意识到他们的工作环境和与健康相关的呼吸问题对健康的影响。砖窑污染与砖窑工人健康影响之间的关系研究较少。目的:本研究测量了砖窑污染与巴基斯坦卡苏尔地区砖窑工人严重呼吸问题和肺功能的关系。方法:对砖窑调窑和窑区运行过程中的空气质量变量(PM2.5、PM10、二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)和挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行监测。选择年龄在18岁至60岁之间、在砖窑工作至少一年并同意参加的工人(n=60)参加。测量他们的肺功能。结果:所有工作场所测量的空气质量变量的平均浓度均超过世界卫生组织(WHO)和国家环境空气质量标准(NAAQS)指南。这些高砖窑污染物值与工人的肺活量值(用力肺活量(FVC)、用力呼气量(FEV1)、呼气峰流量(PEF)和平均流量(FVC的25%至75% (FEF2575))显著下降有关,表明78.33%的工人肺功能异常,其中5%为阻塞性,95%为限制性损伤。常咳嗽(50%)、慢性咳嗽(11.67%)、痰多(21.67%)、慢性痰多(11.67%)、频繁喘息(20%)、慢性喘息(15%)、i级和ii级呼吸短促(38.33%)和自诉哮喘(3.33%)等肺部疾病的发生情况。结论:砖窑污染严重,与呼吸系统疾病和肺功能下降有关。砖窑污染与工人肺功能有明显的相关性。参与者同意:已获取。伦理审批:本研究经巴基斯坦拉合尔旁遮普省大学动物学系生物伦理委员会批准(Ref.1443-UZ)。利益竞争:作者声明没有经济利益竞争。
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引用次数: 5
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Journal of Health and Pollution
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