Sniffing out Stingray Noses: The Functional Morphology of Batoid Olfaction.

IF 2.2 4区 生物学 Q2 BIOLOGY Integrative Organismal Biology Pub Date : 2022-10-10 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI:10.1093/iob/obac043
K M Rutledge
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Abstract

Batoid fishes (rays, skates, sawfishes, and guitarfishes) are macrosmatic, meaning they rely on their sense of smell as one of the primary senses for survival and reproduction. Olfaction is important for long-distance tracking and navigation, predator and prey recognition, and conspecific signaling. However, the mechanisms by which batoids harness odorants is unknown. Without a direct pump-like system, it is hypothesized that batoids irrigate their nostrils via one or a combination of the following: the motion pump, buccopharyngeal pump, pressure (ex. pitot-like mechanism), or a shearing force (ex. viscous entrainment). These mechanisms rely on the size, shape, and position of the nostrils with respect to the head and to each other. Batoids are united as a group by their dorsoventrally compressed body plans, with nostrils on the ventral side of their body. This position presents several challenges for odor capture and likely limits the effectivity of the motion pump. Batoid fishes display an expansive nasal morphology, with inlet nostrils ranging from thin, vertical slits to wide, horizontal ovals to protruding, tube-like funnels, and more. In this paper, a morphometric model is developed to quantify the vast diversity in batoid nose shapes, sizes, and positions on the head in an ecological and functional framework. Specifically, swimming mode, lifestyle, habitat, and diet are examined for correlations with observed nasal morphotypes. Morphometric measurements were taken on all 4 orders present in Batoidea to broadly encompass batoid nasal diversity (Rhinopristiformes 4/5 families; Rajiformes 2/4 families; Torpediniformes 4/4 families; Myliobatiformes 8/11 families). All batoid external nasal diversity was found to be categorized into 5 major morphological groups and were termed: flush nare [circle, comma, intermediate], open nare, and protruding nare. Several morphometric traits remained significant when accounting for shared ancestry, including the position and angle of the nostril on the head, the width of the inlet hole, and the spacing of the nostrils from each other. These measurements were found to be closely correlated and statistically significant with the swimming mode of the animal. This study provides the first crucial step in understanding batoid olfaction, by understanding the diversity of the morphology of the system. Because odor capture is a strictly hydrodynamic process, it may be that factors relating more directly to the fluid dynamics (i.e., swimming mode, velocity, Reynolds number) may be more important in shaping the evolution of the diversity of batoid noses than other ecological factors like habitat and diet.

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嗅出黄貂鱼的鼻子:蝙蝠体嗅觉的功能形态学。
蝙蝠类鱼类(鳐鱼、鳐鱼、锯鳐和吉他鱼)是大型的,这意味着它们依靠嗅觉作为生存和繁殖的主要感官之一。嗅觉对于远距离跟踪和导航、捕食者和猎物识别以及同群信号传递都很重要。然而,蝙蝠类生物利用气味的机制尚不清楚。如果没有直接的泵状系统,假设蝙蝠体通过以下一种或组合来冲洗鼻孔:运动泵、咽泵、压力(如皮托管式机制)或剪切力(如粘性夹带)。这些机制依赖于鼻孔相对于头部和彼此的大小、形状和位置。蝙蝠状体由其背腹侧压缩的身体计划联合成一个群体,鼻孔在身体的腹侧。这个位置为气味捕获提出了几个挑战,并可能限制运动泵的有效性。蝙蝠状鱼类的鼻腔形态扩张,入口鼻孔从细长的垂直狭缝到宽的水平椭圆形到突出的管状漏斗等等。在本文中,我们开发了一种形态计量模型,以在生态和功能框架中量化蝙蝠鼻形状、大小和头部位置的巨大多样性。具体来说,游泳方式、生活方式、栖息地和饮食与观察到的鼻形态的相关性进行了检查。对蝙蝠总目中存在的所有4目进行了形态测量,以广泛涵盖蝙蝠鼻的多样性(鼻形目4/5科;Rajiformes 2/4科;鱼雷目4/4科;龟形目8/11科)。所有蝙蝠状外鼻多样性可分为5个主要形态类群,分别为:平鼻[圆、逗号、中间]、开鼻和凸鼻。当考虑到共同的祖先时,几个形态特征仍然很重要,包括鼻孔在头部的位置和角度,入口孔的宽度,以及鼻孔之间的间距。这些测量结果与动物的游泳方式密切相关,具有统计学意义。这项研究通过了解系统形态的多样性,为理解蝙蝠嗅觉提供了至关重要的第一步。由于气味捕获是一个严格的流体动力学过程,可能与流体动力学更直接相关的因素(即游泳模式、速度、雷诺数)在塑造蝙蝠鼻多样性的进化过程中可能比其他生态因素(如栖息地和饮食)更重要。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
3.70
自引率
6.70%
发文量
48
审稿时长
20 weeks
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