{"title":"SILICON.","authors":"Emanuel Epstein","doi":"10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.641","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Silicon is present in plants in amounts equivalent to those of such macronutrient elements as calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, and in grasses often at higher levels than any other inorganic constituent. Yet except for certain algae, including prominently the diatoms, and the Equisetaceae (horsetails or scouring rushes), it is not considered an essential element for plants. As a result it is routinely omitted from formulations of culture solutions and considered a nonentity in much of plant physiological research. But silicon-deprived plants grown in conventional nutrient solutions to which silicon has not been added are in many ways experimental artifacts. They are often structurally weaker than silicon-replete plants, abnormal in growth, development, viability, and reproduction, more susceptible to such abiotic stresses as metal toxicities, and easier prey to disease organisms and to herbivores ranging from phytophagous insects to mammals. Many of these same conditions afflict plants in silicon-poor soils-and there are such. Taken together, the evidence is overwhelming that silicon should be included among the elements having a major bearing on plant life.</p>","PeriodicalId":80493,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology","volume":" ","pages":"641-664"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"1999-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.641","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.641","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract

Silicon is present in plants in amounts equivalent to those of such macronutrient elements as calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, and in grasses often at higher levels than any other inorganic constituent. Yet except for certain algae, including prominently the diatoms, and the Equisetaceae (horsetails or scouring rushes), it is not considered an essential element for plants. As a result it is routinely omitted from formulations of culture solutions and considered a nonentity in much of plant physiological research. But silicon-deprived plants grown in conventional nutrient solutions to which silicon has not been added are in many ways experimental artifacts. They are often structurally weaker than silicon-replete plants, abnormal in growth, development, viability, and reproduction, more susceptible to such abiotic stresses as metal toxicities, and easier prey to disease organisms and to herbivores ranging from phytophagous insects to mammals. Many of these same conditions afflict plants in silicon-poor soils-and there are such. Taken together, the evidence is overwhelming that silicon should be included among the elements having a major bearing on plant life.

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硅。
硅在植物中的含量与钙、镁、磷等常量营养元素的含量相当,而在草中硅的含量往往高于其他无机成分。然而,除了某些藻类,包括突出的硅藻和木贼科(马尾草或芦苇),它不被认为是植物的基本元素。因此,它在培养溶液的配方中通常被省略,并且在许多植物生理学研究中被认为是一个无足轻重的东西。但是,在没有添加硅的传统营养液中生长的缺硅植物在很多方面都是实验性的人工制品。它们在结构上往往比富含硅的植物弱,生长、发育、生存能力和繁殖不正常,更容易受到金属毒性等非生物压力的影响,更容易成为疾病生物和从植食昆虫到哺乳动物等食草动物的猎物。在缺硅的土壤中,许多同样的情况也折磨着植物——确实存在这样的情况。综上所述,大量证据表明硅应该被列入对植物生命有重大影响的元素之列。
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