Experienced Racism and Discrimination and Psychological Distress amid Different Phases of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Wisconsin.

IF 3.2 3区医学 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities Pub Date : 2024-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-09-22 DOI:10.1007/s40615-023-01782-4

Mariétou H Ouayogodé, Sarah S Salas

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Abstract

The SARS-COV-2 pandemic created an unprecedented crisis and raised concerns about racial discrimination and psychological distress. We assessed trends in COVID-19-related racism and discrimination irrespective of infection status and changes in emotional health and mental well-being outcomes due to experienced racism and discrimination. Using three waves of the Wisconsin COVID-19 Community Impact Survey (2020-2021), we compared demographics of respondents categorized by two mutually exclusive groups: reporting vs. not reporting COVID-19-related racism and discrimination. Using longitudinal logistic-multivariable regressions, we modeled changes in racism and discrimination-induced stress and 4-item patient health questionnaire screening for anxiety and depression (PHQ-4) associated with experiencing racism and discrimination. Prevalence of reported experiencing COVID-19-related racism and discrimination increased among adult Wisconsinites between 2020 and 2021: 6.28% in Wave 1, 11.13% in Wave 2 (Pearson's chi-square Wave 1 vs 2=16.96, p<.001) vs. 10.87% in Wave 3 (chi-square, Wave 1 vs 3=14.99, p<.001). Experiencing COVID-19-related racism and discrimination was associated with a higher likelihood stress (OR=3.15, 95% CI 2.32-4.29) and a higher PHQ-4 score (coeff=0.63, 95% CI 0.32-0.94). Relative to White respondents, racial/ethnic minorities had a higher likelihood of feeling stress: Black OR=7.13, 95% CI 4.68-10.85; Hispanics OR=3.81, 95% CI 2.11-6.89; and other races OR=2.61, 95% CI 1.51-4.53. Estimated associations varied across racial/ethnic groups, age groups, and survey waves. Our study showed that experienced COVID-19-related racism and discrimination increased during the first 2 years of the pandemic and was associated with greater psychological distress among Wisconsinites of all racial/ethnic groups. Public health policies promoting inclusiveness should be implemented to reduce (COVID-19-related) racism and discrimination and its long-term effects on mental health and well-being.

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在新冠肺炎大流行的不同阶段经历种族主义、歧视和心理痛苦：来自威斯康星州的证据。

严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2型疫情造成了前所未有的危机，并引发了人们对种族歧视和心理困扰的担忧。我们评估了与COVID-19相关的种族主义和歧视的趋势，无论感染状况如何，以及由于经历过种族主义和种族歧视而导致的情绪健康和心理健康结果的变化。使用三波威斯康星州新冠肺炎社区影响调查（2020-2021），我们比较了按两个相互排斥的群体分类的受访者的人口统计数据：报告与不报告与新冠肺炎相关的种族主义和歧视。使用纵向逻辑多变量回归，我们模拟了种族主义和歧视引发的压力的变化，以及与经历种族主义和种族歧视相关的焦虑和抑郁（PHQ-4）的4项患者健康问卷筛查。2020年至2021年间，威斯康星州成年居民中报告的经历新冠肺炎相关种族主义和歧视的患病率增加：第1波为6.28%，第2波为11.13%（Pearson平方系数第1波与第2波=16.96，p

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来源期刊

Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH-

CiteScore

7.30

自引率

5.10%

发文量

263

期刊介绍： Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities reports on the scholarly progress of work to understand, address, and ultimately eliminate health disparities based on race and ethnicity. Efforts to explore underlying causes of health disparities and to describe interventions that have been undertaken to address racial and ethnic health disparities are featured. Promising studies that are ongoing or studies that have longer term data are welcome, as are studies that serve as lessons for best practices in eliminating health disparities. Original research, systematic reviews, and commentaries presenting the state-of-the-art thinking on problems centered on health disparities will be considered for publication. We particularly encourage review articles that generate innovative and testable ideas, and constructive discussions and/or critiques of health disparities.Because the Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities receives a large number of submissions, about 30% of submissions to the Journal are sent out for full peer review.