Effects of Carbonate Hydroxyapatite (CHA) on the Development of Heart and Cranium Cartilage of Zebrafish (Danio rerio Hamilton, 1882) Larvae

Abstract

Abstract One of the most commonly utilized materials for dental implants is carbonate hydroxyapatite (CHA). However, its usage must be free of tissue toxicity. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate how the use of CHA as a dental implant material affected the development of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. CHA treatment was administered to 3–3.5 hours to 72 hours post-fertilization (hpf) embryos. Alterations in embryo and larva shape were all studied to determine toxicity. Several abnormalities that might arise during development were also examined by monitoring morphological alterations in embryos and larvae. Furthermore, heart morphology in larvae aged 72 hpf; heart rate in embryos aged 24, 48, and 72 hpf; and cardiac histology structure in larvae aged 30 dpf were all used to study heart development. Alizarin Red and Alcian Blue (ARAB) staining was employed to determine the anatomy of the cranial cartilage in larvae aged 6 dpf. Data were statistical analysis with SPSS ver. 21 and the significance was determined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The morphological examination results revealed that the embryo and larvae had no morphological abnormalities. Furthermore, the heart was developing normally, according to examinations of morphology, histology, and heart rate. The cranial cartilage had no flaws, the structure was complete, and the length and angle of the cranial cartilage did not change between the control and CHA treatments. Overall, CHA exposure did not affect the development of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos, according to the findings. Keywords: CHA, Cranium, Embryo, Heart, Toxicity, Zebrafish