{"title":"Mapping hawala risks around the world: the use of a composite indicator","authors":"Chang-Ryung Han, B. Leeuw, H. Nelen","doi":"10.1080/17440572.2022.2098120","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to map the landscape of risk faced by each country with respect to the presence and prosperity of informal fund transfer (IFT) systems. This study constructed a composite indicator to assess IFT risks of the 121 countries. The IFT risk that this study intended to gauge is not crime risk(s) that IFT systems cause but risk that IFT systems operate and prosper in given countries. The IFT risk indicator was developed with eleven variables extracted from public domain datasets regarding migration, access to formal financial institutions, AML/CFT measures, and societal attitudes towards informality. Routine activity theory was used to derive the factors associated with IFT risk. This study found that the level of IFT risk is associated with their levels of economic development. The main advantage of the IFT risk indicator is that it can gauge ‘nuanced’ differences in IFT risks among countries.","PeriodicalId":12676,"journal":{"name":"Global Crime","volume":"23 1","pages":"334 - 363"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4000,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Global Crime","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2022.2098120","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to map the landscape of risk faced by each country with respect to the presence and prosperity of informal fund transfer (IFT) systems. This study constructed a composite indicator to assess IFT risks of the 121 countries. The IFT risk that this study intended to gauge is not crime risk(s) that IFT systems cause but risk that IFT systems operate and prosper in given countries. The IFT risk indicator was developed with eleven variables extracted from public domain datasets regarding migration, access to formal financial institutions, AML/CFT measures, and societal attitudes towards informality. Routine activity theory was used to derive the factors associated with IFT risk. This study found that the level of IFT risk is associated with their levels of economic development. The main advantage of the IFT risk indicator is that it can gauge ‘nuanced’ differences in IFT risks among countries.
期刊介绍：
Global Crime is a social science journal devoted to the study of crime broadly conceived. Its focus is deliberately broad and multi-disciplinary and its first aim is to make the best scholarship on crime available to specialists and non-specialists alike. It endorses no particular orthodoxy and draws on authors from a variety of disciplines, including history, sociology, criminology, economics, political science, anthropology and area studies. The editors welcome contributions on any topic relating to crime, including organized criminality, its history, activities, relations with the state, its penetration of the economy and its perception in popular culture.
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