Calendering of thermoplastics: models and computations

IF 1.1 4区 工程技术 Q4 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL International Polymer Processing Pub Date : 2022-07-12 DOI:10.1515/ipp-2021-4214
E. Mitsoulis, N. Polychronopoulos, S. Hatzikiriakos
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引用次数: 2

Abstract

Abstract John Vlachopoulos (JV) started his polymer processing career with the process of calendering. In two landmark papers with Kiparissides, C. and Vlachopoulos, J. (1976). Finite element analysis of calendering. Polym. Eng. Sci. 16: 712–719; Kiparissides, C. and Vlachopoulos, J. (1978). A study of viscous dissipation in the calendering of power-law fluids. Polym. Eng. Sci. 18: 210–214 he introduced the Finite Element Method (FEM) to solve the governing equations of mass, momentum, and energy based on the Lubrication Approximation Theory (LAT). This early work was followed by the introduction of wall slip (with Vlachopoulos, J. and Hrymak, A.N. (1980). Calendering poly(vinyl chloride): theory and experiments. Polym. Eng. Sci. 20: 725–731). The first 2-D simulations for calendering PVC were carried out with Mitsoulis, E., Vlachopoulos, J., and Mirza, F.A. (1985). Calendering analysis without the lubrication approximation. Polym. Eng. Sci. 25: 6–18. In the intervening 35 years, other works have emerged, however our understanding has not been drastically improved since JV’s early works. Results have also been obtained for pseudoplastic and viscoplastic fluids using the general Herschel-Bulkley constitutive model. The emphasis was on finding possible differences with LAT regarding the attachment and detachment points of the calendered sheet (hence the domain length), and the extent and shape of yielded/unyielded regions. The results showed that while the former is well predicted by LAT, the latter is grossly overpredicted. More results have been obtained for 3-D simulations, showing intricate patterns in the melt bank. Also, the transient problem has been solved using the ALE-FEM formulation for moving free-boundary problems. The results are compared with the previous simulations for the steady-state and show a good agreement. The transient simulations capture the movement of the upstream and downstream free surfaces, and also provide the attachment and detachment points, which are unknown a priori. Finding these still remains the prevailing challenge in the modeling of the calendering process.
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热塑性塑料的压延:模型和计算
John Vlachopoulos (JV)从压延工艺开始了他的聚合物加工生涯。在两个具有里程碑意义的论文Kiparissides, C.和Vlachopoulos, J.(1976)。压延的有限元分析。变异较大。Eng。自然科学学报,16:712-719;Kiparissides, C.和Vlachopoulos, J.(1978)。幂律流体压延过程中粘性耗散的研究。变异较大。Eng。他在润滑近似理论(LAT)的基础上引入了求解质量、动量和能量控制方程的有限元方法。这项早期工作之后引入了壁滑移(与Vlachopoulos, J.和Hrymak, A.N.(1980))。压延聚氯乙烯:理论与实验。变异较大。Eng。科学,20:725-731)。第一个PVC压延的二维模拟是由Mitsoulis, E., Vlachopoulos, J.和Mirza, F.A.(1985)进行的。没有润滑近似的压延分析。变异较大。Eng。科学25:6-18。在这35年间,陆续出现了其他作品,但我们对他的认识并没有比他早期的作品有很大的提高。使用一般的Herschel-Bulkley本构模型也获得了假塑性和粘塑性流体的结果。重点是寻找与LAT在压延片的附着点和分离点(因此域长度)以及屈服/未屈服区域的范围和形状方面可能存在的差异。结果表明,前者可以很好地预测,后者则严重高估。三维模拟得到了更多的结果,显示了熔体库中复杂的图案。同时,利用移动自由边界问题的ALE-FEM公式求解了瞬态问题。仿真结果与前人的稳态仿真结果比较,结果吻合较好。瞬态模拟捕获了上游和下游自由表面的运动,并提供了先验未知的附着点和分离点。发现这些仍然是压延过程建模的主要挑战。
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来源期刊
International Polymer Processing
International Polymer Processing 工程技术-高分子科学
CiteScore
2.20
自引率
7.70%
发文量
62
审稿时长
6 months
期刊介绍: International Polymer Processing offers original research contributions, invited review papers and recent technological developments in processing thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomers and fibers as well as polymer reaction engineering. For more than 25 years International Polymer Processing, the journal of the Polymer Processing Society, provides strictly peer-reviewed, high-quality articles and rapid communications from the leading experts around the world.
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