The Difference between Male and Female Rats in Terms of Freezing and Aversive Ultrasonic Vocalization in an Active Avoidance Test

Pavel Alexandrov, Maria Pupikina, Zabava Adaeva, E. Sitnikova
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Abstract

We examined sex differences in behavioral responses to fear-related learning through ultrasonic vocalization. Adult male and female rats of two inbred rat strains (WAG/Rij rats with genetic predisposition absence epilepsy, n = 25; and the minor substrain NEW with non-epileptic phenotype, n = 32) were examined in the two-way active avoidance task (50 trials). Three behavioral responses were defined: successful learning, unsuccessful learning, and freezing (motionless behavior). We found that males were more likely to experience freezing (40%) than females (3.7%). Females performed significantly better than males: 93% of females showed “successful learning”, while only 43.2% of males did. Long-lasting 22 kHz ultrasonic calls, so-called aversive ultrasonic vocalizations aUSVs, were recorded in 26% of females (only successful learners) and in 50% of males. The density of aUSVs in females was lower than in males. WAG/Rij males performed much poorer than the NEW males. In general, males, in contrast to females, showed significantly poorer avoidance learning, more frequently experienced freezing, and produced more aversive USVs. Males thus experienced a negative emotional state, rather than exhibiting poor cognitive abilities. Perhaps, WAG/Rij rats and a minor NEW substrain showed an increased emotionally in fear-related tasks, because they are prone to emotional disorders or emotional exhaustion. Sex differences in freezing and in aUSVs might result from the poorly understood neuromodulatory effects of the cholinergic system.
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在主动回避实验中,雌雄大鼠在冻结和厌恶超声发声方面的差异
我们通过超声波发声研究了性别对恐惧相关学习的行为反应差异。两种近交系大鼠(WAG/Rij大鼠遗传易感性缺失癫痫,n = 25;在双向主动回避任务(50次试验)中检测非癫痫表型的NEW亚型(n = 32)。定义了三种行为反应:成功学习、不成功学习和冻结(不动行为)。我们发现男性(40%)比女性(3.7%)更有可能经历冷冻。女性的表现明显好于男性:93%的女性表现出“成功的学习”,而男性只有43.2%。在26%的女性(只有成功的学习者)和50%的男性中记录了长时间的22 kHz超声波呼叫,即所谓的厌恶超声波发声。雌性的ausv密度低于雄性。WAG/Rij男性的表现比NEW男性差得多。总的来说,与女性相比,男性表现出明显较差的回避学习能力,更频繁地经历冻结,并产生更多的厌恶usv。因此,男性经历了消极的情绪状态,而不是表现出较差的认知能力。也许,WAG/Rij鼠和一个较小的NEW亚系在与恐惧相关的任务中表现出情绪上的增加,因为它们容易出现情绪障碍或情绪衰竭。冷冻和ausv的性别差异可能是由于人们对胆碱能系统的神经调节作用知之甚少。
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