The Four Books of Shiʿi Hadith: From Inception to Consolidation

Abstract

Since their compilations in the tenth and eleventh centuries ce, the four hadith books, al-Kāfī, al-Faqīh, al-Tahdhīb, and al-Istibṣār, have left an indelible mark on Shiʿi religiosity. The present study takes as its starting point the earliest instance in which these four compilations were collectively referred to as the Four Books (al-kutub al-arbaʿa). I investigate the major developments in the period between the inception of this phrase in the fifteenth century and its consolidation as the demarcator of a unique Imami hadith corpus in the seventeenth century. Following the introduction, each section of the article focuses on a figure whose ideas contributed to this consolidation process. In the conclusion I summarize the findings of the previous sections and reflect on the notion of hadith canonicity within the context of Imami jurisprudence during the period under study.