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Applied Legal Hermeneutics in 18th-Century Fes: Al-Tāwudī’s Treatise on the Effect of Long Duration in bayʿ al-thunyā Transactions 18 世纪菲斯的应用法律诠释学:塔乌迪(Al-Tāwudī)的《bayʿ al-thunyā 交易中长期持续的影响论》(Treatise on the Effect of Long Duration in bayʿ al-thunyā Transactions
IF 0.5 2区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1163/15685195-bja10060
Norbert Oberauer
The present study is an analysis of a treatise (risāla) by the 18th-century Mālikī al-Tāwudī in which he discusses a doctrinal detail regarding bayʿ al-thunyā, a common stratagem to circumvent the prohibition of interest. I use al-Tāwudī’s text as a lens to reconstruct the hermeneutical perspective of a Muslim jurist of the late premodern era. In the first section, I show that al-Tāwudī’s legal reasoning is strongly informed by the legacy of Mālikī discourse on bayʿ al-thunya, which is one of constant disagreement over the acceptability of the institution. In the course of this conflict, various doctrinal compromises were negotiated, only to be challenged again by the invention of new stratagems or by rigorist backlashes. Al-Tāwudī’s treatise must be understood as part of this doctrinal tug of war. In the second section, I analyze al-Tāwudī’s epistemological premises. I show that his legal reasoning is strictly exegetical, except that the object of this exegesis is not Qurʾān and Sunna, as proposed in classical uṣūl al-fiqh, but the school’s literary corpus. This corpus, in turn, is hierarchically structured. It consists of many layers of texts, accumulated over centuries and tightly interwoven by intertextual references, with certain texts enjoying a particularly authoritative status. Against this background, reasoning becomes a game of artful referencing. Successful argumentation requires claiming a maximum of authority within the school tradition in support of one’s position.
本研究分析了 18 世纪马利克-塔乌迪 (Mālikī al-Tāwudī) 的一篇论文 (risāla),他在论文中讨论了有关 bayʿ al-thunyā 的教义细节,这是一种规避利息禁令的常见策略。我以 al-Tāwudī 的文本为视角,重建了一位前现代晚期穆斯林法学家的诠释学视角。在第一节中,我将说明 al-Tāwudī 的法律推理深受马利克关于 "bayʿ al-thunya" 的论述遗产的影响,即对该制度的可接受性始终存在分歧。在这一冲突过程中,人们就各种教义达成了妥协,但又因新策略的发明或严格主义的反弹而再次受到挑战。塔乌迪的论文必须被理解为这场学说角力的一部分。在第二部分,我分析了塔乌迪的认识论前提。我表明,他的法律推理是严格的训诂学,只不过这种训诂学的对象不是经典伊斯兰教律法中提出的《古兰经》和《圣训》,而是该学派的文学作品。而这一语料库又是分层结构的。它由多层次的文本组成,这些文本经过数百年的积累,并通过互文引用紧密交织在一起,其中某些文本享有特别权威的地位。在这种背景下,推理就成了一种巧妙引用的游戏。成功的论证需要在学校传统中最大限度地宣称权威,以支持自己的立场。
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引用次数: 0
The Controversy over the Law Schools (lā madhhabiyya) in Twentieth-Century Syria 二十世纪叙利亚法学院(lā madhhabiyya)之争
IF 0.5 2区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2024-05-05 DOI: 10.1163/15685195-bja10054
Itzchak Weismann
The validity of the established schools of law (sing. madhhab) is a major bone of contention between contemporary Salafis and Traditionalists. The controversy reached its peak around 1970 in a famous exchange between Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī, who called for direct reliance on authenticated hadith, and Muḥammad Saʽīd Ramaḍān al-Būṭī, who favored the jurists’ legal expertise. In this essay, I chart the course of the lā madhhabiyya debate in Syria by analyzing the polemical writings of three generations of Syrian ulama from 1870 to 1970. I argue that the seeds of the controversy were sown in the late Ottoman period in the Salafi challenge to taqlīd. I also uncover the central role of the Indian Ahl-i Hadith in mediating the anti-madhhabī position to the core Arab lands, and the part of Syrian Ḥanafī-Naqshbandī ʽulamāʼ in defending the madhhabs. Finally, I allude to the political split among the Traditionalist ʽulamāʼ between the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood and the Baʽth regime.
已确立的法律学派(madhhab)的有效性是当代萨拉菲派和传统派之间争论的主要焦点。1970 年左右,这场争论在纳西尔-阿尔丁-阿尔巴尼(Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī)与穆罕默德-萨迪(Muḥammad Saʽīd Ramaḍān al-Būṭī)之间的一次著名争论中达到了顶峰。在这篇文章中,我通过分析 1870 年至 1970 年间三代叙利亚乌拉玛的论战著作,描绘了叙利亚的 "拉教派 "之争的过程。我认为,这场争论的种子早在奥斯曼帝国晚期就已播下,当时萨拉菲派(Salafi)对 "教律"(taqlīd)提出了挑战。我还揭示了印度阿赫勒-伊-圣训派在将反伊斯兰教法的立场传播到阿拉伯核心地区方面所起的核心作用,以及叙利亚Ḥanafī-Naqshbandī ʽulamāʼ在捍卫伊斯兰教法方面所起的作用。最后,我提到了叙利亚穆斯林兄弟会和复兴党政权之间传统派ʽulamā的政治分裂。
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引用次数: 0
Squandering Marital Movables: On Family and Criminal Law in Egypt 挥霍婚姻动产:埃及的家庭法和刑法
IF 0.5 2区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2024-05-05 DOI: 10.1163/15685195-bja10055
Kazuaki Takemura
This essay focuses on the trousseau inventory (ayma) created by Egyptian Muslims at the time of marriage. Though not a legal requirement, creating the ayma is widespread as it proves the husband’s receipt of the wife’s property. After divorce, he must return the items listed in the inventory to her, and if he fails to do so, she may sue him for “squandering marital movables” (tabdīd manqūlāt zawjiyya), as stipulated in the Penal Code. In July 2022, when an Egyptian man posted a message suggesting that the ayma had been abolished, his post caused a huge outcry. In this essay, I address the social debate triggered by the post, introduce the case of an Egyptian woman who filed a tabdīd lawsuit to secure a divorce, and discuss judgments issued by the Court of Cassation on tabdīd cases. I argue that Egyptians use criminal law and courts to solve family disputes.
本文重点介绍埃及穆斯林在结婚时制作的妆奁清单(ayma)。尽管这不是一项法律规定,但制作 ayma 却很普遍,因为它可以证明丈夫收到了妻子的财产。离婚后,丈夫必须将清单上的物品归还给妻子,如果丈夫没有这样做,妻子可以起诉丈夫 "挥霍婚姻动产"(tabdīd manqūlāt zawjiyya),这是《刑法典》的规定。2022 年 7 月,一名埃及男子发布了一条信息,暗示 "ayma "已被废除,他的帖子引起了轩然大波。在本文中,我将讨论该帖子引发的社会争论,介绍一名埃及妇女为离婚而提起 "tabdīd "诉讼的案例,并讨论最高上诉法院就 "tabdīd "案件做出的判决。我认为,埃及人利用刑法和法院来解决家庭纠纷。
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引用次数: 0
Modernization and Legal Reform: Muslim Minors and Freedom of Marriage in India 现代化与法律改革:印度的穆斯林未成年人与婚姻自由
IF 0.5 2区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2024-05-05 DOI: 10.1163/15685195-bja10058
Prashant Iyengar
This article presents a regional study of the mechanics of modernization and liberalization of Muslim law in India. I explore these themes by focusing on how Indian courts, over nearly two centuries, interpreted the Islamic doctrine of khiyār al-bulūgh—the right of a minor to repudiate her marriage upon attaining majority. I also revisit the legislative debates that occurred during the codification of this doctrine into the Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, 1939. I identify two paradoxes from this history: first, that the liberalization of religious laws has been achieved at least as reliably and stably through judicial failures—errors, amnesia, indolence and ineptitude—as through deliberate legislative and judicial interventions; and second, that the recent overlaying of religious laws with “liberal-secular” laws in India has resulted in the consolidation and intensification of patriarchal authority over adolescent sexuality—an authority that had been scattered and loosely articulated under the regime of “purely religious” laws.
本文对印度穆斯林法律的现代化和自由化机制进行了区域研究。我探讨了这些主题,重点是印度法院在近两个世纪的时间里是如何解释伊斯兰教义 khiyār al-bulūgh 的--未成年人在成年后有权解除婚约。我还重温了将这一教义编入 1939 年《穆斯林婚姻解体法》时的立法辩论。我从这段历史中发现了两个悖论:第一,宗教法的自由化至少是通过司法失误--错误、健忘、懒惰和无能--与通过深思熟虑的立法和司法干预一样可靠和稳定地实现的;第二,最近在印度,宗教法与 "自由-世俗 "法的叠加导致了对青少年性行为的父权权威的巩固和加强--这种权威在 "纯宗教 "法律制度下是分散和松散的。
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引用次数: 0
The Magian Position: Legal Consequences for Creedal Ignorance in the Far Maghrib, 8th/14th-11th/17th c 马格里布人的立场:远马格里布地区对信条无知的法律后果,公元前 8/14-11/17 世纪
IF 0.5 2区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1163/15685195-bja10056
Caitlyn Olson
This article analyzes a series of legal opinions from the Far Maghrib between the 8th/14th and 11th/17th centuries in which the authors promote a remarkable position: that members of the Muslim community deemed ignorant of creedal doctrine should be accorded the legal status of Magians (ḥukm al-majūs). The primary consequence of categorizing people as Magians – meaning here something different than Zoroastrians – was the annulment of their marriages. After discussing the sources and offering comments on the social, political, and religious circumstances that may have conditioned this position (Section 1), I explain its intellectual architecture. I show that while the concepts animating the concern with creedal ignorance were rooted in Ashʿarī theology (Section 2), the tools of enforcement came from Mālikī law (Section 3). The “Magian position” thus sheds light on historical interactions between Islamic theology and law, as well as on the functioning of orthodoxy in Muslim societies.
本文分析了 8/14 至 11/17 世纪远马格里布地区的一系列法律意见,在这些意见中,作者提出了一个引人注目的观点:穆斯林社区中被认为不懂教义的成员应被赋予马吉安人 (ḥukm al-majūs) 的法律地位。将人们归类为穆斯林的主要后果是取消他们的婚姻。在讨论了资料来源并对可能制约这一立场的社会、政治和宗教环境发表评论(第 1 节)之后,我将解释其知识结构。我将说明,尽管对信条无知的关注所激发的概念植根于阿什阿里神学(第 2 节),但执行工具却来自于马利基法律(第 3 节)。因此,"马吉安立场 "揭示了伊斯兰神学与法律之间的历史互动关系,以及正统教义在穆斯林社会中的作用。
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引用次数: 0
The Status of Music in Islamic Law: Ibn Ḥajar al-Haytamī’s (d. 974/1567) Treatise Against Recreation in its Polemical Context 音乐在伊斯兰法中的地位:伊本-哈贾尔-海塔米(卒于 974 年/1567 年)的《反娱乐论》及其论战背景
IF 0.5 2区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2024-03-06 DOI: 10.1163/15685195-bja10053
Fitzroy Morrissey

Kaff al-raʿāʿ ʿan muḥarramāt al-lahw wa-l-samāʿ is an influential treatise on the legal status of music and other recreational activities written by the Shāfiʿī Ibn Ḥajar al-Haytamī (d. 974/1567) in 958/1551. This article offers the first analysis of this “treatise against recreation”. Ibn Ḥajar al-Haytamī argues for the impermissibility of most musical activities on the basis of the Qurʾan and Hadith, the consensus of the ʿulamāʾ (particularly from his Shāfiʿī school), and the incompatibility of recreation (lahw) and piety. These arguments are forged in response to claims found in more permissive texts by the Ẓāhirīs Ibn Ḥazm (d. 456/1064) and Ibn al-Qaysarānī (d. 507/1113) and the Mālikī Muḥammad al-Shādhilī al-Tūnisī (d. 882/1477). I suggest that it is Ibn Ḥajar’s negative attitude to lahw that underlies his restrictive views on music, highlight the gendered element in this attitude, and observe that attitudes to recreation are not interchangeable with affiliation to Sufism.

Kaff al-raʿāʿ ʿan muḥarramāt al-lahw wa-l-samāʿ是沙菲(Shāfiʿī Ibn Ḥajar al-Haytamī,卒于 974/1567)于 958/1551 年撰写的关于音乐和其他娱乐活动的法律地位的论文,该论文影响深远。本文首次对这篇 "反对娱乐的论文 "进行了分析。伊本-哈贾尔-海塔米根据《古兰经》和圣训、ʿulamāʾ 派(尤其是其沙斐仪派)的共识以及娱乐 (lahw) 与虔诚不相容的观点,认为大多数音乐活动都是不允许的。这些论点是针对伊本-哈兹姆(Ibn Ḥazm,卒于 456/1064)、伊本-盖萨拉尼(Ibn al-Qaysarānī,卒于 507/1113)和马利基-穆罕默德-沙迪里-图尼斯(Muḥlikī Muḥammad al-Shādhilī al-Tūnisī,卒于 882/1477)在更宽容的文本中提出的主张而伪造的。我认为伊本-哈贾尔对 "拉乌 "的消极态度是他对音乐的限制性观点的基础,强调了这种态度中的性别因素,并指出对娱乐的态度与对苏菲的归属不可互换。
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引用次数: 0
Islamic Apocalyptic Jurisprudence 伊斯兰世界末日法学
IF 0.5 2区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2024-02-28 DOI: 10.1163/15685195-bja10052
Ali Rod Khadem
This article introduces Islamic apocalyptic jurisprudence (theories of final law that will govern humanity in the End Times) to academic study. Section 1 considers why the topic has remained unexamined and suggests a basic taxonomy. Section 2 exposes the apocalyptic jurisprudence of two case studies, representing the “reversionist” and “progressivist” poles of Sunni discourses: the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (“isis”), and Dāwūd and his “Awaited Mahdī” movement in Egypt. Section 3 considers two further case studies, representing the “revanchist” and “idealist” orientations in Shi‘i discourses: the Islamic Republic of Iran, and al-Ṣadr, a theorist of the Iraqi Ṣadrist movement. Throughout, the following aspects of the final legal system are considered: sources of law; conflicts between Islamic, Jewish, Christian, and international laws; the jurist’s role; changes to classical Islamic legal theory, including qiyas and ijtihad; the legitimacy of legal schools; and new positive laws, policies, and rules of evidence.
本文向学术研究介绍伊斯兰世界末日法学(关于末世人类最终法律的理论)。第 1 部分探讨了这一主题一直未得到研究的原因,并提出了基本的分类方法。第 2 部分揭示了两个案例研究的世界末日法学,分别代表了逊尼派话语中的 "复辟派 "和 "进步派 "两极:伊拉克和叙利亚伊斯兰国("isis")以及埃及的达武德及其 "等待马赫迪 "运动。第 3 节探讨了代表什叶派话语中 "谩骂主义 "和 "理想主义 "取向的两个案例研究:伊朗伊斯兰共和国和伊拉克Ṣadrist 运动理论家 al-Ṣadr。本书通篇探讨了最终法律体系的以下方面:法律渊源;伊斯兰教法、犹太教法、基督教法和国际法之间的冲突;法学家的作用;伊斯兰教经典法律理论的变革,包括 "启雅思 "和 "伊集哈德";法律流派的合法性;以及新的实在法、政策和证据规则。
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引用次数: 0
Spousal Harm in the Mālikī Law School: Evidence and Procedure Mālikī法学院的配偶伤害:证据与程序
IF 0.5 2区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.1163/15685195-bja10049
Tesneem Alkiek
The Mālikī law school grants a wife the right to judicial divorce if her husband harms her. Mālikīs distinguish between harm that is legally actionable and harm that is non-actionable. A husband causes actionable harm (ḍarar) when he violates his wife’s rights, which Mālikī scholars define broadly. By establishing ḍarar as grounds for divorce, Mālikīs demonstrate their willingness to limit a husband’s marital authority and increase opportunities for a woman to leave her marriage. In this study, I highlight the types of evidence and procedures Mālikī jurists use to establish ḍarar and facilitate judicial divorce by examining four cases that deal with emotional, sexual, and physical harm. Through a substantive approach to law, Mālikīs offer several ways for a woman to collect evidence, prove her claim of harm, and receive a divorce.
Mālikī法学院规定,如果丈夫对妻子造成伤害,妻子有权要求司法离婚。Mālikīs区分可提起诉讼的损害和不可提起诉讼的损害。当丈夫侵犯妻子的权利时,就会造成可诉损害(ḍarar),学者们对其进行了宽泛的定义Mālikī。通过建立ḍarar作为离婚的理由,Mālikīs表明她们愿意限制丈夫的婚姻权威,增加女性离开婚姻的机会。在本研究中,我通过研究四个涉及情感、性和身体伤害的案例,重点介绍了Mālikī法学家用来建立ḍarar和促进司法离婚的证据和程序类型。通过实质性的法律途径,Mālikīs为妇女提供了几种方法来收集证据,证明她的伤害主张,并获得离婚。
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引用次数: 0
Islamic Law of the Sea: Freedom of Navigation and Passage Rights in Islamic Thought, written by Hassan S. Khalilieh 《伊斯兰海洋法:伊斯兰思想中的航行自由和通行权》,作者:Hassan S. Khalilieh
2区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2023-10-12 DOI: 10.1163/15685195-bja10050
Mahmood Kooria
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引用次数: 0
The First Public Murder in the Tanzimat Era: Life, Trial and Execution of Emine Hanım 坦齐马特时代的第一起公开谋杀:埃米纳的生活、审判和处决Hanım
2区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2023-10-10 DOI: 10.1163/15685195-bja10046
Murat R. Şiviloğlu
Abstract In 1860, Emine Hanım killed her husband Ferik İbrahim Pasha. In this article, I use her murder trial to examine the interrelation between slavery, the private lives of the Ottoman ruling class, and the complexities of the judicial system during the Tanzimat period (1839–1876). I identify the limitations of nineteenth-century legal reforms and the discrepancy between the reformist ideals and the real-world complexities experienced by individuals. By paying close attention to legal issues in the Ottoman Empire during the Tanzimat era, such as siyaseten katl (administrative death penalty) and the inconsistent application of kısas (retaliation in kind), I argue that Emine’s story contributes to a better understanding of the Ottoman legal system during the reform era.
1860年,Emine Hanım杀死了她的丈夫Ferik İbrahim Pasha。在这篇文章中,我用她的谋杀案审判来研究坦齐玛特时期(1839-1876)奴隶制、奥斯曼统治阶级的私人生活和复杂的司法系统之间的相互关系。我指出了19世纪法律改革的局限性,以及改革主义者的理想与个人所经历的现实世界的复杂性之间的差异。通过密切关注坦齐马特时代奥斯曼帝国的法律问题,如siyaseten katl(行政死刑)和kısas(以物报复)的不一致适用,我认为Emine的故事有助于更好地理解改革时代的奥斯曼法律制度。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Islamic Law and Society
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