Clinical and Molecular Findings in a Turkish Family Who Had a (c.879-1G>A) Splicing Variant in PSEN1 Gene with A Rare Condition: The Variant Alzheimer's Disease with Spastic Paraparesis.

Abstract

BACKGROUND Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) is commonly diagnosed with an onset age of earlier than 65 years and accounts for 5-10% of all Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases. To date, although only 10-15% of familial EOAD cases have been explained, the genetic cause of the vast proportion of cases has not been explained. The variant Alzheimer's disease with spastic paraparesis (varAD) is defined as a rare clinical entity characterized by early-onset dementia, spasticity of the lower extremities and gait disturbance. Although the disease was first associated with variants in exon 9 of the PSEN1 gene, it was later shown that variations in other exons were also responsible for the disease. OBJECTIVE The current study aims to raise awareness of varAD which occurs as a rare phenotype due to pathogenic variants in PSEN1. In addition, we aimed to evaluate the spectrum of mutations in varAD patients identified to date. METHODS Detailed family histories and clinical data were recorded. Whole exome sequencing was performed and co-segregation analysis of the family was done by Sanger sequencing. Also, review of the molecularly confirmed patients with (varAD) from the literature was evaluated. RESULTS We identified a heterozygous splicing variant (c.869-1G>A) in the PSEN1 gene, in a family with two affected individuals who present with varAD. We reported the clinical and genetic findings from the affected individuals. CONCLUSION We present the detailed clinical and genetic profiles of a Turkish patient with diagnosis of varAD together with subjects from the literature. Together, we think that the clinical characteristics and the effect of the (c.869-1G>A) variant will facilitate our understanding of the PSEN1 gene in AD pathogenesis.