Farm animal breeding of genetic resources for young farmers in Taiwan

Mingche Wu
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Abstract

The agricultural employed population of the year 2020 in Taiwan were 548,000 persons with 74.1% male and 24.9% female. Only 10.9% of those were young farmers with age of 15 to 34 years old. According to the survey of animal industry in 2020, there were about 10,300 livestock farms and 9,900 poultry farms in Taiwan. For those of producing milk, meat and egg in different sectors, the average annual incomes per farm is more than 20 million Taiwan dollar in dairy cattle farms and broiler chicken farms with number of rearing animals per farm were 210 cows and 27,618 birds, respectively. Farm animal genetic resources of 117 breeds in Taiwan updated to 2021, including 20 native breeds, 43 imported breeds, 39 registered new breeds, and 15 ongoing selection breeds, serve as a gene bank for the study of genetic diversity. In Taiwan experience, mule duck production with two species crossbreeding via artificial insemination of laying duck sired with mixed semen from Muscovy duck, it is an essential application of multiple-sires instrumental breeding. In free range production, females of native chicken and laying duck can be multiple-sire natural mating to ensure a higher fertility rate of ovulated eggs. Application of frozen semen and embryo may perform sire-daughter mating, brother-sister mating, or son-dam mating for increasing genetic homogeneity without inbreeding depression of reproduction performance. Inbreeding quickly brings to the surface any detrimental genes that are in a population. With the facility of paternal DNA test, single-sire breeding can be used with extended semen and intra-uterine insemination to test the allele effect of sire genome on their economic traits of pig, cattle, goat, and poultry breeds in a small-scale farming system. Advanced breeding efforts are undertaken to broaden the genetic base of conserved animals and create new breeds that meet the manifold demands in relation to quality, resilience, and sustainability in small-scale farms.
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台湾青年农民遗传资源的家畜育种
2020年台湾省农业就业人口54.8万人,其中男性占74.1%,女性占24.9%。其中只有10.9%是年龄在15到34岁之间的年轻农民。根据2020年的畜牧产业调查,台湾约有10,300个畜牧场和9,900个家禽农场。以产奶、产肉、产蛋等不同产业为例,牛场、肉鸡场平均年营收均在两千万台币以上,养殖动物数分别为210头、27618只。更新至2021年的117个品种的农场动物遗传资源,包括20个本地品种、43个进口品种、39个注册新品种和15个正在选择品种,是研究遗传多样性的基因库。根据台湾的经验,用番鸭的混合精液人工授精产蛋鸭进行两种杂交生产骡鸭,是多品种仪器育种的重要应用。在散养生产中,土鸡和蛋鸭的雌性可以进行多父系自然交配,以保证较高的排卵率。应用冷冻精液和胚胎可以进行父女交配、兄妹交配或父子交配,以增加遗传同质性,而不会近交降低繁殖性能。近亲繁殖很快就会把种群中的有害基因暴露出来。在小规模养殖系统中,利用父本DNA检测技术,可以利用扩展精液和子宫内人工授精技术,检测父本基因组等位基因对猪、牛、羊、禽等品种经济性状的影响。正在开展先进育种工作,以扩大受保护动物的遗传基础,并创造新的品种,以满足小规模农场在质量、适应力和可持续性方面的多方面需求。
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审稿时长
8 weeks
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