How Do Genomic, Mitochondrial, and Morphological Data Contribute to the Linnean Classification of the Porrostomine Net-Winged Beetles (Coleoptera, Lycidae)?

Abstract

The Lycidae genera have seldom been tested with phylogenetic analyses. Therefore, we assembled genomic data to estimate the phylogenetic backbone of the porrostomines, one of Metriorrhynchina’s major clades. Further, mtDNA and morphology were employed to assign 352 analyzed species to genera. We present evidence for the paraphyly of Metriorrhynchus and terminal position of Porrostoma, revise the generic classification, and describe eight genera: Maraiakoreus gen. nov., Kuarhynchus gen. nov., Riedelrhynchus gen. nov., Bundikanus gen. nov., Yamarhynchus gen. nov., Bekorhynchus gen. nov., Sundarhynchus gen. nov., and Isuarhynchus gen. nov. We synonymize Stadenus Waterhouse, 1879, syn. nov., Metriorrhynchoides Kleine, 1923, syn. nov., and Oriomum Bocak, 1999a, syn. nov., to Porrostoma Castelnau, 1838. Next, we propose 75 new combinations and four new species: Bundikanus styskalai sp. nov., Kuarhynchus sisrangensis sp. nov., Maraiakoreus argenteus sp. nov., and Yamarhynchus sinopassensis sp. nov. We identified repeated origins of several external morphological traits earlier used to delimitate genera. Therefore, we prefer concordant evidence from the densely sampled mitochondrial phylogenies and male genitalia. The analyses identify high phylogenetic diversity and species richness in New Guinea, much lower phylogenetic diversity of the Australian continental fauna, and the limited permeability of the Wallacea that resulted in a single porrostomine genus in Asia. We point to the common acceptance of paraphyletic and polyphyletic taxa in the current classification. As a result, taxonomy has not provided expected support for any state-of-the-art evolutionary and zoogeographic studies. The phylogeny, species inventory, and classification of porrostomines set the basis for future evolutionary and zoogeographical studies.