Approaches to check unauthorized genetically modified events in supply chain: Challenges and solutions in the Indian context

JSFA reports Pub Date : 2023-04-19 DOI:10.1002/jsf2.115
Monika Singh, Nina Papazova, Raghavendra Aminedi, Marie-Alice Fraiture, Nancy Roosens, Gurinderjit Randhawa
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Abstract

The approval status of a genetically modified (GM) event varies from country to country. GM events approved in one country (considered as authorized GM or AGM) may not necessarily have the same approval status in other countries (considered as unauthorized GM or UGM). Detecting UGM in the supply chain is a challenge as the genetic information is not always available. In India, four Bt cotton events are approved, whereas several other GM events have been imported for research purposes. Many food derivatives (non-GM) are being imported from the countries where GM events of food crops are approved so it is necessary to track the unauthorized entry of GM products. Selected consignments or food products need to be checked for GM status for regulatory compliance. In farmers' fields, the chances of unintentional introgression or adventitious presence of transgenes also need to be monitored in a systematic manner. An appropriate strategy needs to be developed to check for UGM in the food and agricultural supply chain. In this article, approaches for UGM detection have been discussed with a focus on application in the Indian context. Detection methods based on the GMO matrix, multiplex PCR, real-time PCR (qPCR), and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) could be employed keeping in view the regulatory requirement or practical application. For checking UGM with unknown genetic construct, methods such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) may be employed. The advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches are discussed in the function of the analytical strategy and its application for control purposes.

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检查供应链中未经授权的转基因事件的方法:印度背景下的挑战和解决方案
转基因(GM)事件的批准状态因国家而异。在一个国家获得批准的转基因事件(被视为授权转基因或AGM)在其他国家可能不一定具有相同的批准状态(被视为未经授权的转基因或UGM)。在供应链中检测UGM是一个挑战,因为遗传信息并不总是可用的。在印度,已经批准了四种Bt棉花品种,而其他几种转基因品种已经进口用于研究目的。许多食品衍生品(非转基因)正从批准转基因粮食作物事件的国家进口,因此有必要对未经授权的转基因产品入境进行跟踪。需要检查选定的货物或食品是否符合基因改造的规定。在农民的田间,也需要以系统的方式监测转基因无意渗入或意外存在的可能性。需要制定适当的战略来检查食品和农业供应链中的UGM。在本文中,讨论了UGM检测的方法,重点讨论了在印度环境中的应用。根据监管要求或实际应用,可以采用基于转基因生物基质、多重PCR、实时PCR (qPCR)和环介导等温扩增(LAMP)的检测方法。对于具有未知遗传结构的UGM,可采用新一代测序(NGS)等方法进行检测。在分析策略的功能及其在控制目的中的应用中讨论了不同方法的优缺点。
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