Planning by Exception: The Regulation of Nairobi’s Margins

IF 3.4 2区 经济学 Q1 REGIONAL & URBAN PLANNING Planning Theory Pub Date : 2022-11-10 DOI:10.1177/14730952221137706
S. Schramm, Amiel Bize
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Abstract

Nairobi’s planning regime is characterized by two conditions of exception: on the one hand, exceptions from regulation, that is, planning offices granting exceptions from planning rules and, on the other hand, regulatory regimes that are enforced by low-level administrations outside the planning office but that significantly impact Nairobi’s urban space—we call this exceptional regulation. We argue that it is these two intertwined conditions of exception that make possible the building of shiny modern city as well as the provision of essential urban services. We examine the two conditions of “planning by exception” by analyzing a scrap heap that has endured in central Nairobi for over a decade, even as the neighborhood around it has radically changed. The position of the scrap heap makes the contradictions of this regime of planning particularly visible. On the one hand, the construction sites dotting these neighborhoods provide a wealth of scrap for dealers to gather—and dealers, in turn, provide an essential recovery service. On the other hand, in these increasingly exclusive spaces, businesses like scrap metal heaps are no longer welcome. Thus, the construction boom simultaneously grants scrap dealers opportunities for accumulation and makes the conditions of that accumulation highly uncertain. This scrap metal heap thus offers important insights into Nairobi's spatial regulation because it is both a leftover from the neighborhood’s earlier socio-spatial form and intricately entangled with the redevelopments currently reshaping the city. Our key contribution is that we can only understand urbanization of Nairobi—and other postcolonial cities—if we understand planning as simultaneously working through a regime that grants exceptions to formal planning and by employing exceptional regulation of marginalized spaces.
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例外规划:内罗毕利润率的管制
内罗毕的规划制度有两个例外条件:一方面是法规的例外,即规划办公室批准规划规则的例外,另一方面是由规划办公室以外的低级别行政部门执行的、但对内罗毕城市空间有重大影响的规管制度——我们称之为这种例外规定。我们认为,正是这两个相互交织的例外条件,使建设闪亮的现代城市和提供基本的城市服务成为可能。我们通过分析内罗毕市中心已经存在了十多年的垃圾堆来研究“例外规划”的两个条件,尽管周围的社区已经发生了根本性的变化。废料堆的位置使这种规划制度的矛盾特别明显。一方面,散布在这些社区的建筑工地为经销商提供了大量的废品,而经销商反过来又提供了必不可少的回收服务。另一方面,在这些日益排外的空间里,像废金属堆这样的企业不再受欢迎。因此,建筑业的繁荣同时也为废品经销商提供了积累的机会,并使积累的条件高度不确定。因此,这个废金属堆为内罗毕的空间监管提供了重要的见解,因为它既是该社区早期社会空间形式的遗留物,又与目前重塑城市的重建交织在一起。我们的主要贡献是,只有我们将规划理解为同时通过一种制度进行工作,该制度允许正式规划的例外情况,并对边缘化空间进行特殊监管,我们才能理解内罗毕和其他后殖民城市的城市化。
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来源期刊
Planning Theory
Planning Theory REGIONAL & URBAN PLANNING-
CiteScore
6.50
自引率
20.60%
发文量
24
期刊介绍: Planning Theory is an international peer-reviewed forum for the critical exploration of planning theory. The journal publishes the very best research covering the latest debates and developments within the field. A core publication for planning theorists, the journal will also be of considerable interest to scholars of human geography, public administration, administrative science, sociology and anthropology.
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