Grafting Hollow Covalent Organic Framework Nanoparticles with Thermal-Responsive Polymers for the Controlled Release of Preservatives

Abstract

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) hold great potential in various applications because of their well-defined pore structures and morphologies. However, most COF materials demonstrate poor dispersibility in solvents that significantly limits their processing and applications. Herein, we report the synthesis of COF-based hollow nanoparticles (h-NPs) with good water dispersibility, high capacity, and thermal responsiveness to load essential oil molecules for longer-term preservation of fruits. Imine-based COF h-NPs possessing a pore width of 1.3 nm, inner/outer diameters of ～150/239 nm, and high crystallinity were synthesized and grafted with water-soluble polymers such as polyethylene glycol or poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) with molecular weights of 1–3 kDa. The h-NP products with grafting densities of 0.6–2.1 nm^–2 can be well dispersed in water at room temperature. PNIPAM-grafted ones are temperature-responsive in that they can precipitate out from the dispersion at 40 °C and redisperse at 25 °C for at least 15 cycles. The h-NPs are used as nanocarriers to load essential oils such as hexanal and trans-2-hexenal with a high capacity of 1.1 g/g for fruit fresh-keeping, and the encapsulated preservatives can be released controllably at 25–40 °C as regulated by the grafted polymers. As a result, the storage time of cherry tomatoes can be prolonged by 4 days compared to the control run. Moreover, these h-NPs can be recycled and reused. Our work highlights the potential of COF nanomaterials grafting with stimuli-responsive polymers for controlled release application in various food preservation.