Avermectins: The promising solution to control plant parasitic nematodes

Abstract

Plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) considered a threat to crops production and are responsible for about US $173 billion annual losses in agriculture world [1]. Sometimes, PPNs are co-operating with other plant pathogens such as bacteria and fungi and cause complex diseases. Nematodes can damage all parts of their host plants, although according to their life style, individual species target the roots, stems, leaves, lowers, or seeds. There are about 31% of known species of nematodes are parasites of vertebrates [2], while 16% are parasites of plants, mostly soil-borne root pathogens [3]. Approximately 2.4% species of those parasites on plants are responsible for economically important phytoparasites of crops.