Assumptions of twentieth-century neuroscience: reductionist and computational paradigms

IF 1 4区 综合性期刊 Q3 MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Interdisciplinary Science Reviews Pub Date : 2022-12-23 DOI:10.1080/03080188.2022.2149736
D. Parker
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Abstract

ABSTRACT The term neuroscience originated in the early 1960s, but the questions it asks date to antiquity. The nineteenth-century reticular view of the brain as a diffuse net-like synctium was negated by the neuron doctrine, but certain aspects (e.g. glial cells) are better described as a synctium. System views of the brain were popular in the first half of the twentieth century, but a reductionist focus has since dominated with the development of experimental tools that focus on components. This article will begin by considering twentieth-century views of both philosophers and scientists that highlight the tension between integrating in a field while retaining the ability to think critically. This will be illustrated by considering two common assumptions in neuroscience: that reductionist approaches will explain the brain; and the technological metaphor that sees the brain as a computer.
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二十世纪神经科学的假设:还原论和计算范式
神经科学这个术语起源于20世纪60年代初,但它提出的问题可以追溯到古代。19世纪的网状观点认为大脑是一个弥散的网状合体,这一观点被神经元学说所否定,但某些方面(如神经胶质细胞)被更好地描述为一个合体。大脑的系统观点在20世纪上半叶很流行,但自那以后,随着专注于组成部分的实验工具的发展,还原论的焦点占据了主导地位。本文将首先考虑20世纪哲学家和科学家的观点,这些观点强调了在一个领域整合与保持批判性思维能力之间的紧张关系。这将通过考虑神经科学中的两个常见假设来说明:还原论方法将解释大脑;以及把大脑看作一台计算机的技术隐喻。
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来源期刊
Interdisciplinary Science Reviews
Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 综合性期刊-综合性期刊
CiteScore
2.30
自引率
9.10%
发文量
20
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: Interdisciplinary Science Reviews is a quarterly journal that aims to explore the social, philosophical and historical interrelations of the natural sciences, engineering, mathematics, medicine and technology with the social sciences, humanities and arts.
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