Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.1177/03080188241236669
Julyan H. E. Cartwright
The institution that was the Junior Art Department (JAD) and its role in teaching children who went on to have successful careers in the arts, crafts, and design in mid-twentieth century Britain have been little documented. Here I recall the nature of JADs in the United Kingdom during the postwar period, with the Sheffield Junior Art Department as a case study. I characterise the JAD movement in the context of British education at the time. I discuss the artists and craftspeople the JADs encouraged and the student–teacher relationship it engendered. I record Sheffield Junior Art Department, how it and its teachers influenced the pupils who passed through it and how in turn the school influenced its teachers’ careers both teaching and making craftwork in mid-twentieth-century Britain. I hope that this essay might contribute to debates on the values both of the specialist teaching of gifted pupils and of the arts and crafts for everyone.
{"title":"Sheffield Junior Art Department and how the Junior Art Department shaped the arts, crafts and design careers of its pupils and of its teachers in mid-twentieth-century Britain","authors":"Julyan H. E. Cartwright","doi":"10.1177/03080188241236669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03080188241236669","url":null,"abstract":"The institution that was the Junior Art Department (JAD) and its role in teaching children who went on to have successful careers in the arts, crafts, and design in mid-twentieth century Britain have been little documented. Here I recall the nature of JADs in the United Kingdom during the postwar period, with the Sheffield Junior Art Department as a case study. I characterise the JAD movement in the context of British education at the time. I discuss the artists and craftspeople the JADs encouraged and the student–teacher relationship it engendered. I record Sheffield Junior Art Department, how it and its teachers influenced the pupils who passed through it and how in turn the school influenced its teachers’ careers both teaching and making craftwork in mid-twentieth-century Britain. I hope that this essay might contribute to debates on the values both of the specialist teaching of gifted pupils and of the arts and crafts for everyone.","PeriodicalId":50352,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Science Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141798835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.1177/03080188241260144
Edward Guimont
J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings and its associated works are known for being tremendously influential in the fantasy fiction genre, as well as inspiring popular films and other spinoffs. The debt of The Lord of the Rings to mediaeval European literature is also widely recognised. While the role of fiction as both influence on and by Tolkien's work is widely acknowledged, the influence of a range of palaeoscience topics on Tolkien – some of which were outside the mainstream of his time before becoming accepted – are less well known. This article synthesises research into the conception of Tolkien's usage of heterodox palaeoscience in his works to explore the reception of those themes in his fiction. Not only was Tolkien himself – at times against his own inclinations – retroactively curious about the evolving scientific validity of his works, but so were his growing fanbase, especially those active in the modern realm of fringe science promoters.
{"title":"J. R. R. Tolkien's Legendarium as Heterodox Palaeoscience","authors":"Edward Guimont","doi":"10.1177/03080188241260144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03080188241260144","url":null,"abstract":"J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings and its associated works are known for being tremendously influential in the fantasy fiction genre, as well as inspiring popular films and other spinoffs. The debt of The Lord of the Rings to mediaeval European literature is also widely recognised. While the role of fiction as both influence on and by Tolkien's work is widely acknowledged, the influence of a range of palaeoscience topics on Tolkien – some of which were outside the mainstream of his time before becoming accepted – are less well known. This article synthesises research into the conception of Tolkien's usage of heterodox palaeoscience in his works to explore the reception of those themes in his fiction. Not only was Tolkien himself – at times against his own inclinations – retroactively curious about the evolving scientific validity of his works, but so were his growing fanbase, especially those active in the modern realm of fringe science promoters.","PeriodicalId":50352,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Science Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141800516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-22DOI: 10.1177/03080188241232766
Siddharth Unnithan Kumar
Mathematics plays a fundamental role in ecological research, yet its uses remain strikingly separate from advances in the environmental social sciences and humanities. In this paper, I work to address this impasse and outline the motivation and scope for an ‘ecological mathematics’, an approach to doing mathematics in environmental research which foregrounds relationship, embodiment and human difference. I begin by tracing the historical emergence of mathematics in ecology, noting how life processes have been conceptualised in a way which forces them to fit the ideals of mathematical models transplanted from the physical sciences. I then investigate the cultural factors shaping the evolution of mathematical thought, eliciting a malleability in how mathematical knowledge relates to the more-than-human world. This provides a place from which to rethink the role of abstraction in ecological thought, and develop mathematical methods grounded in ecological concepts. Drawing on ethnographic and perceptual accounts of space and time, I work with topological concepts from both mathematics and the social sciences to suggest a new correspondence between these subjects, elaborating a way of employing mathematical techniques which enliven, rather than deaden, the ecologies under study. The paper concludes with important philosophical clarifications to the approach of an ecological mathematics.
{"title":"Towards an ecological mathematics","authors":"Siddharth Unnithan Kumar","doi":"10.1177/03080188241232766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03080188241232766","url":null,"abstract":"Mathematics plays a fundamental role in ecological research, yet its uses remain strikingly separate from advances in the environmental social sciences and humanities. In this paper, I work to address this impasse and outline the motivation and scope for an ‘ecological mathematics’, an approach to doing mathematics in environmental research which foregrounds relationship, embodiment and human difference. I begin by tracing the historical emergence of mathematics in ecology, noting how life processes have been conceptualised in a way which forces them to fit the ideals of mathematical models transplanted from the physical sciences. I then investigate the cultural factors shaping the evolution of mathematical thought, eliciting a malleability in how mathematical knowledge relates to the more-than-human world. This provides a place from which to rethink the role of abstraction in ecological thought, and develop mathematical methods grounded in ecological concepts. Drawing on ethnographic and perceptual accounts of space and time, I work with topological concepts from both mathematics and the social sciences to suggest a new correspondence between these subjects, elaborating a way of employing mathematical techniques which enliven, rather than deaden, the ecologies under study. The paper concludes with important philosophical clarifications to the approach of an ecological mathematics.","PeriodicalId":50352,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Science Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140214027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-21DOI: 10.1177/03080188241233107
Floe Foxon
Cryptozoology seeks to study ‘hidden animals’ by separating ‘metaphors and similes’ from possible underlying insight. Variously described as a science, pseudoscience, or fringe field, cryptozoology may be viewed under the lenses of both heterodox science and orthodox science. Cryptozoology is heterodox in its unconventional methods and strategy; its ‘fuzzy’ data in the form of circumstantial and testimonial evidence; and its mostly amateur investigators. Cryptozoology also borrows from orthodox science, and in recent years may have influenced orthodox science: traditional ecological knowledge, pioneered in cryptozoology, is beginning to enter ‘mainstream’ scientific research, and these data have facilitated recent zoological (re)discoveries. Some contemporary cryptozoological studies have also applied more orthodox and rigorous statistical methodology. Controversial photographic taxonomy has been applied in both crypto- and conventional zoology, and cryptozoology has been investigated by qualified scientists at reputable institutions and in reputable academic journals. Cryptozoological methods, when applied more scrupulously, may have some unrealised scientific potential.
{"title":"Heuvelmans the Heretic and Hidden Animals","authors":"Floe Foxon","doi":"10.1177/03080188241233107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03080188241233107","url":null,"abstract":"Cryptozoology seeks to study ‘hidden animals’ by separating ‘metaphors and similes’ from possible underlying insight. Variously described as a science, pseudoscience, or fringe field, cryptozoology may be viewed under the lenses of both heterodox science and orthodox science. Cryptozoology is heterodox in its unconventional methods and strategy; its ‘fuzzy’ data in the form of circumstantial and testimonial evidence; and its mostly amateur investigators. Cryptozoology also borrows from orthodox science, and in recent years may have influenced orthodox science: traditional ecological knowledge, pioneered in cryptozoology, is beginning to enter ‘mainstream’ scientific research, and these data have facilitated recent zoological (re)discoveries. Some contemporary cryptozoological studies have also applied more orthodox and rigorous statistical methodology. Controversial photographic taxonomy has been applied in both crypto- and conventional zoology, and cryptozoology has been investigated by qualified scientists at reputable institutions and in reputable academic journals. Cryptozoological methods, when applied more scrupulously, may have some unrealised scientific potential.","PeriodicalId":50352,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Science Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140220744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-21DOI: 10.1177/03080188241234141
Justin Mullis
This essay's goal is to elucidate the role that cryptozoology, a field related to heterodox palaeoscience, has played in Japan, via key films in the Godzilla series; a popular example of Japanese cryptozoological fiction. This will work to reframe the discussion around cryptozoology as one not premised exclusively on western cultural assumptions about the relationship between science, modernity and myth while also demonstrating that the circumstances which have resulted in the palaeontologically heterodox claims of cryptozoologists are not unique to western culture.
{"title":"From cryptids to kaijū: exploring heterodox palaeoscience with Godzilla","authors":"Justin Mullis","doi":"10.1177/03080188241234141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03080188241234141","url":null,"abstract":"This essay's goal is to elucidate the role that cryptozoology, a field related to heterodox palaeoscience, has played in Japan, via key films in the Godzilla series; a popular example of Japanese cryptozoological fiction. This will work to reframe the discussion around cryptozoology as one not premised exclusively on western cultural assumptions about the relationship between science, modernity and myth while also demonstrating that the circumstances which have resulted in the palaeontologically heterodox claims of cryptozoologists are not unique to western culture.","PeriodicalId":50352,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Science Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140223188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-12DOI: 10.1177/03080188241232777
R. van der Merwe, Alex Broadbent
Crossing the road within the traffic system is an example of an action human agents perform successfully day-to-day in complex systems. How do they perform such successful actions given that the behaviour of complex systems is often difficult to predict? The contemporary literature contains two contrasting approaches to the epistemology of complex systems: an analytic and a post-modern approach. We argue that neither adequately accounts for how successful action is possible in complex systems. Agents regularly perform successful actions without obeying (explicit or implicit) algorithmic rules (as the analytic approach suggests) and without an existential leap to action (as the post-modern approach suggests). We offer an alternative: A common-sense pragmatist epistemology, one that focuses on the kind of actions making up most agents’ successful moment-to-moment actions in complex systems. Successful actions obtain when agents apply ceteris paribus rules-of-thumb during predictive and decisional practices while achieving some desired goal.
{"title":"A beginner's guide to crossing the road: towards an epistemology of successful action in complex systems","authors":"R. van der Merwe, Alex Broadbent","doi":"10.1177/03080188241232777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03080188241232777","url":null,"abstract":"Crossing the road within the traffic system is an example of an action human agents perform successfully day-to-day in complex systems. How do they perform such successful actions given that the behaviour of complex systems is often difficult to predict? The contemporary literature contains two contrasting approaches to the epistemology of complex systems: an analytic and a post-modern approach. We argue that neither adequately accounts for how successful action is possible in complex systems. Agents regularly perform successful actions without obeying (explicit or implicit) algorithmic rules (as the analytic approach suggests) and without an existential leap to action (as the post-modern approach suggests). We offer an alternative: A common-sense pragmatist epistemology, one that focuses on the kind of actions making up most agents’ successful moment-to-moment actions in complex systems. Successful actions obtain when agents apply ceteris paribus rules-of-thumb during predictive and decisional practices while achieving some desired goal.","PeriodicalId":50352,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Science Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140251186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.1080/03080188.2023.2266974
Christine Hauskeller, Claudia Gertraud Schwarz
In this introduction to the thematic issue Critical Psychedelic Studies we argue that many and diverse critical analyses of psychedelic cultures and practices are needed to counter the current hype...
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Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1080/03080188.2022.2075201
Olivia Marcus
ABSTRACT Ayahuasca has a variety of traditional uses, yet there is a growing global interest in its potential therapeutic benefits for mental health conditions. Novel approaches to psychotherapy are emerging to address the needs of ayahuasca users to prepare as well as to guide them in ‘integrating’ their powerful psychedelic experiences, yet there is little discussion on the ethical frameworks that may structure these therapeutic processes or the social and cultural assumptions that influence the assignment of ayahuasca as a medicine. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in San Martín and Loreto, Peru, I examine the varied social meanings and uses of ayahuasca in the Peruvian vegetalista tradition and the potential ethical tensions among curanderos, mental health practitioners, and ayahuasca retreat centres. Practitioners and ayahuasca centres are left with navigating globalized concepts of mental health and ethics while attempting to remain authentic to local ontologies of healing, care, and safety.
{"title":"‘Everybody’s creating it along the way’: ethical tensions among globalized ayahuasca shamanisms and therapeutic integration practices","authors":"Olivia Marcus","doi":"10.1080/03080188.2022.2075201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03080188.2022.2075201","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Ayahuasca has a variety of traditional uses, yet there is a growing global interest in its potential therapeutic benefits for mental health conditions. Novel approaches to psychotherapy are emerging to address the needs of ayahuasca users to prepare as well as to guide them in ‘integrating’ their powerful psychedelic experiences, yet there is little discussion on the ethical frameworks that may structure these therapeutic processes or the social and cultural assumptions that influence the assignment of ayahuasca as a medicine. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in San Martín and Loreto, Peru, I examine the varied social meanings and uses of ayahuasca in the Peruvian vegetalista tradition and the potential ethical tensions among curanderos, mental health practitioners, and ayahuasca retreat centres. Practitioners and ayahuasca centres are left with navigating globalized concepts of mental health and ethics while attempting to remain authentic to local ontologies of healing, care, and safety.","PeriodicalId":50352,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Science Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139014658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1080/03080188.2023.2266974
C. Hauskeller, Claudia Gertraud Schwarz
ABSTRACT In this introduction to the thematic issue Critical Psychedelic Studies we argue that many and diverse critical analyses of psychedelic cultures and practices are needed to counter the current hype around the biomedicalization of psychedelic substances. The social sciences and humanities offer insights and methods to resist appropriation and to establish community based ethical practices. The assembled articles and book reviews indicate an urgency and vitality of research aimed at growing psychedelic cultures outside the medico-pharmaceutical complex, offering inter- and transdisciplinary perspectives. Critical psychedelic studies challenge hegemonial or colonizing knowledge practices in historical and contemporary psychedelic discourse. Bringing together insights from the different original contributions we reflect on power relations in the psychedelic revival. In this article we argue against field definitions and in favour of diverse and agile formations of consciousness and praxis. We provide critical ideas for deconstructing both the patriarchal colonial legacies and the contemporary power dynamics focussed on wealth creation that characterize today's psychedelic revival.
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Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1080/03080188.2022.2075199
Valeria McCarroll
ABSTRACT Today, practitioners of contemporary psychedelic medicine are faced with a unique challenge: supporting clients in integrating transpersonal and mystical experiences within a paradigm based on a materialistic, reductionist, and dualistic understanding of reality. Operating on assumptions of pathology and problem-solving, the Western medical model often lacks the theoretical basis to make sense of and integrate the full potentiality of psychedelic medicine. Nondualism can offer an alternative guide to engaging with and transmuting the beliefs and traumas that lie at the root of paradigms based on assumptions of separation. These frames can be deeply resourcing for both psychedelic guide and client. This article explores the challenges and limitations of the modern Western paradigm, as well as possibilities for how nondualism could be incorporated into future training of psychedelic guides.
{"title":"Mysticizing medicine: incorporating nondualism into the training of psychedelic guides","authors":"Valeria McCarroll","doi":"10.1080/03080188.2022.2075199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03080188.2022.2075199","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Today, practitioners of contemporary psychedelic medicine are faced with a unique challenge: supporting clients in integrating transpersonal and mystical experiences within a paradigm based on a materialistic, reductionist, and dualistic understanding of reality. Operating on assumptions of pathology and problem-solving, the Western medical model often lacks the theoretical basis to make sense of and integrate the full potentiality of psychedelic medicine. Nondualism can offer an alternative guide to engaging with and transmuting the beliefs and traumas that lie at the root of paradigms based on assumptions of separation. These frames can be deeply resourcing for both psychedelic guide and client. This article explores the challenges and limitations of the modern Western paradigm, as well as possibilities for how nondualism could be incorporated into future training of psychedelic guides.","PeriodicalId":50352,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Science Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139022782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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